Abstract
Current genetic and fossil data has consistently pointed to a recent common origin of man in Africa, less than 200,000 years ago, with subsequent migrations and dispersals of modern humans throughout the rest of the world1. Although fossil evidence is lacking, it is postulated that humans arrived in Pakistan, that lies on the postulated coastal route out of Africa to Australia, probably 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. Evidence of neolithic settlements has been found at Mehrgarh, in southern Pakistan and extensive sites have been excavated indicating that the agrarian Harappan culture flourished in the fertile Indus Valley around 2400-2000 BC2. Since then the Indo-Pak sub-continent has seen repeated invasions and migrations. Invaders included the nomadic Indo-European tribes from central and west Asia (the Aryans), Alexander’s army, Arabs, Afghans and Mongols. All have contributed to the ethnic variety of extant Pakistani populations3.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Reference
Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Menozzi P., Piazza A.,1994, The history and geography of human genes, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Jarrige J-F., 1991, Mehrgarh: Its place in the development of ancient cultures in Pakistan. In Forgotten Cities on the Indus. Early Civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC (Jansen, M., Mulloy, M., Urban, G., eds.), Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, pp. 34–50.
Wolpert S., 2000, A new history of India, 6th ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
Mehdi S.Q., Qamar R., Ayub Q., Khaliq S., Mansoor A., Ismail M., Hammer M.F., Underhill P.A., Cavalli-Sforza L.L., 1999, The origins of Pakistani populations: Evidence from Y chromosome markers. In Genomic diversity: Applications in Human Population Genetics (Papiha, S.S., Deka, R., Chakraborty, R., eds.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 83–90.
Quddus S.A.,1990, The tribal Baluchistan, Ferozsons (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore.
Backstrom P.C., 1992, Balti. In Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. vol. 2, Languages of Northern Areas (Backstrom, P.C., Radloff, C.F., eds.), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas, pp. 3–27.
Hughes-Buller R., 1991, Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Baluchistan. Sange-Meel Publications, Lahore.
Biddulph J., 1977, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Indus Publications, Karachi.
Bellew H.W., 1979, The Races of Afghanistan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore.
Robertson G.S., 1974, The Kafirs of the Hindu-Kush. Oxford University Press, Karachi.
Decker K.D., 1992, Sociolinguistic survey of northern Pakistan Vol. 5 Languages of Chitral. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas.
Ahmad A.K.N., 1952, Jesus in heaven on earth, The Civil and Military Gazette Ltd., Lahore.
Nanavutty, P., 1977, The Parsis. National Book Trust, New Delhi.
Dorn B., 1999, History of the Afghans, Vanguard Book (Pvt.) Limited, Lahore.
Caroe 0., 1992, The Pathans. Oxford University Press, Karachi.
Bellew H.W., 1998, An inquiry into the ethnography of Afghanistan, Vanguard Books Limited, Lahore.
Burton R.F., 1851, Sindh and the races that inhabit the valley of the Indus, WH Allen and Co. Ltd., London.
Ibbetson D., 1994, Panjab castes, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore.
Cavalli-Sforza L.L., 1998, Trends Genet, 14, 60–5.
Hamcoer, M.F., Spurdle, A.B., Karafet, T., Bonner, M.R., Wood, E.T., Novelletto, A., Malaspina, P., Mitchell, R.J., Horai, S., Jenkins, T., Zegura, S.L., 1997, Genetics, 145,785–805.
Tyler-Smith, C., 1999, Y-chromosomal DNA markers. In Genomic Diversity: Applications in Human Population Genetics Papiha, S.S., Deka, R., Chakraborty, R., eds.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 65–73.
Underhill, P.A., Shen, P., Lin, A.A., Jin, L., Passarino, G, Yang,WH, Kauffman, E, Bonne-Tamir, B, Bertranpetit, J, Francalacci, P, Ibrahim, M., Jenkins, T., Kidd, J.R., Mehdi, S.Q., Seielstad, M.T., Wells, R.S., Piaza, A., Davis, R.W., Feldman, M.W., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Oefner, P.J., 2000, Nat. Genet, 26, 358–61.
Jobling M.A., Tyler-Smith C., 1995, Trends Genet, 11, 449–56.
Quintana-Murci, L., Semino, O., Bandelt, H-J., Passarino, G., McElreavey, K., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S., 1999, Nat. Genet, 23, 437–41.
Weber, J.L., May, P.E., 1989, Am. J. Hum. Genet, 44, 388–96.
Tautz, D., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res, 17, 6463–71.
Bowcock, A. M., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tomfohrde, J., Minch, E., Kidd, J.R., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 1994, Nature, 368, 455–7.
Jorde, L.B., Watkins, W.S., Bamshad, M.J., Dixon, M.E., Ricker, C.E., Seielstad, M.E., Batzer, M.A., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet, 66, 979–88.
Hammer, M.F., 1994, Mol. Biol. Evol, 11,749–61.
Casanova, M., Leroy, P., Boucekkine, C., Weissenbach, J., Bishop, C., Fellous, M., Purrello, M., Fiori, G., Siniscalco, M., 1985, Science, 230,1403–6.
Santos, F.R., Pandya, A., Kayser, M., Mitchell, R.J., Liu, A., Singh, L., Destro-Bisol, G., Novelletto, A., Qamar, R., Mehdi, S.Q., Adhikari,R., de Knijff, P., Tyler-Smith, C., 2000, Hum. Mol. Genet, 9, 421–30.
Mathias, N., Bayés, M., Tyler-Smith, C., 1994, Hum. Mol. Genet, 3, 115–23.
Bianchi, N.O., Bailliet, G., Bravi, C.M., Camese, R.F., Rothhammer, F., MartínezMarignac, V.L., Pena, S.D.J., 1997, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 102, 79–89.
Santos, F.R., Pandya, A., Tyler-Smith, C., Pena, S.D.J., Schanfield, M., Leonard, W.R., Osipova, L., Crawford, M.H., Mitchell, R.J., 1999, Am. J. Hum. Genet, 64, 619–28.
Whitfield, L.S., Sulston, J.E., Goodfellow, P.N., 1995, Nature, 378, 379–80.
Seielstad, M.T., Hebert, J.M., Lin, A.A., Underhill, P.A., Ibrahim, M., Vollrath, D., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 1994, Hum. Mol. Genet, 3, 2159–61.
Santos, F.R., Carvalho-Silva, D.R., Pena, S.D.J., 1999, PCR-based DNA Profiling of Human Y Chromosomes. In Methods and Tools in Biosciences and Medicine (Epplen, J.T, Lubjuhn, T., eds.), Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 133–52.
Pandya, A., King, T.E., Santos, F.R., Taylor, P.G., Thangaraj, K., Singh, L., Jobling, M.A., Tyler-Smith, C., 1998, Ind. J. Hum. Genet, 4, 52–61.
Zerjal, T., Dashnyam, B., Pandya, A., Kayser, M., Roewer, L., Santos, F.R., Schiefenhövel, W., Fretwell, N., Jobling, M.A., Harihara, S., Shimizu, K., Semjidmaa, D., Sajantila, A., Salo, P., Crawford, M.H., Ginter, E.K., Evgrafov, O.V., Tyler-Smith, C., 1997, Am. J. Hum. Genet, 60, 1174–83.
Underhill, P.A., Jin, L., Lin, A.A., Mehdi, S.Q., Jenkins, T., Vollrath, D., Davis, R.W., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Oefner, P.J., 1997, Genome Res, 7, 996–1005.
Bergen, A.W., Wang, C.Y., Tsai, J., Jefferson, K., Dev, C., Smity, K.D., Park, S.C., Tsai, S.J., Goldman, D., 1999, Ann. Hum. Genet, 63, 63–80.
Jin, L., Underhill, P. A., Buoncristiani, M., Robertson, J. M., 1997, J. Forensic Sci., 42, 496–9.
Nei, M., 1973, Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3321–3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mehdi, S.Q. et al. (2002). Perspectives on Human Genome Diversity within Pakistan using Y Chromosomal and Autosomal Microsatellite Markers. In: Şener, B. (eds) Biodiversity. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9242-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9242-0_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4855-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-9242-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive