Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gender in Sport and Exercise Psychology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology

Abstract

In this chapter, gender psychology meets sport and exercise psychology. For many readers, this is a first meeting, and an introduction is in order. Sport and exercise psychology is located in a much different context than most of the other psychology areas covered in this handbook. Although academic and clinical psychologists have engaged in sport and exercise psychology research or consulted with athletes and exercisers, for the most part, sport and exercise psychology faculty, courses, graduate programs, and research activities are found in departments of kinesiology or exercise and sport science.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2000). Guidelines for psychotherapy with gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. American Psychologist, 55, 1440–1451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2004). Guidelines for psychological practice with older adults. American Psychologist, 59, 236–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2007). Guidelines for psychological practice with girls and women. American Psychologist, 62, 949–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2008). APA membership statistics. Accessed on November 23, 2008, from http://memforms.apa.org/apa/cli/mbdirsearch/mestat.cfm

  • Anderson, A. F. (1992). Eating disorders in male athletes: A special case? In K. D. Brownell, J. Rodin, & J. H. Wilmore (Eds.), Body weight and performance in athletes: Disorders of modern society (pp. 172–188). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (2005). In the game: Gay athletes and the cult of masculinity. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63, 602–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, H., & Krane, V. (2005). The elephant in the locker room: Opening the dialogue about sexual orientation on women’s sport teams. In M. B. Anderson (Ed.), Sport psychology in practice (pp. 265–285). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beals, K. A. (2003). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the most muscular one of all? Disordered eating and body image disturbances in male athletes. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 7(2), 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1978). Beyond androgyny: Some presumptuous prescriptions for a liberated sexual identity. In J. Sherman & F. Denmark (Eds.), Psychology of women: Future directions for research (pp. 1–23). New York: Psychological Dimensions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, E., DeSouza, M. J., & Kerr, G. (2005). A qualitative examination of weight concerns, eating, and exercise behaviors in recreational exercisers. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 14, 24–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinde, E. M., & McCallister, S. G. (1999). Women, disability, and sport and physical fitness activity: The intersection of gender and disability dynamics. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 303–312.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brackenridge, C. (1997). Playing safe: Assessing the risk of sexual abuse to elite child athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, 407–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brackenridge, C., & Kirby, S. (1997). “He owned me basically…”: Women’s experience of sexual abuse in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bringer, J. D., Brackenridge, C. H., & Johnston, L. H. (2001). A qualitative study of swimming coaches’ attitudes toward sexual relationships in sport. In A. Papaioannou, M. Goudas, & Y. Theodorkis (Eds.), International Society of Sport Psychology 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology: Vol. 4 Programme & Proceedings (pp. 187–189). Thessaloniki, Greece: Christodoulidi Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broad, K. L. (2001). The gendered unapologetic: Queer resistance in women’s sport. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18, 181–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. D., & Harrison, J. M. (1986). The effects of a strength training program on the strength and self-concept of two female age groups. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 57, 315–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capranica, L., Tessitore, A., D’Artibale, E., Cortis, C., Casella, R., Camilleri, E., et al. (2008). Italian women’s television coverage and audience during the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 101–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, L. J., & Acosta, R.V. (2008). Women in intercollegiate sport: A longitudinal, national study thirty-one year update 1977–2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://www.acostacarpenter.org

  • Caruso, C., & Gill, D. L. (1992). Strengthening self-perceptions through exercise. Journal of Sports Medicine and Fitness, 32, 416–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, P. Y. L. (2000). Femininity and the physically active woman. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conception, R. Y., & Ebbeck, V. (2005). Examining the physical activity experience of survivors of domestic violence in relation to self-views. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 197–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B., & Thompson, S. (2000). Multiple bodies: Sportswomen, soccer, and sexuality. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35, 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crespo, C. J. (2005). Physical activity in minority populations: Overcoming a public health challenge. The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 6(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crespo, C. J., Ainsworth, B. E., Keteyian, S. J., Heath, G. W., & Smit, E. (1999). Prevalence of physical inactivity and its relations to social class in U.S. adults: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31, 1821–1827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danish, S. J., Fazio, R. J., Nellen, V. C., & Owens, S. S. (2002). Teaching life skills through sport: Community-based programs to enhance adolescent development. In J. L. VanRaalte & B. W. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (2nd ed., pp. 269–288). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daubenmier, J. J. (2005). The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 207–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C. (1992). Body image, dieting behaviors, and personality factors: A study of high –performance female athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K. (1984). From individual differences to social categories: Analysis of a decade’s research on gender. American Psychologist, 39, 105–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., & Kite, M. (1993). Gender stereotypes. In F. L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: A handbook of issues and theories (pp. 107–139). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desertrain, G. S., & Weiss, M. R. (1988). Being female and athletic: A case for conflict? Sex Roles, 18, 567–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duda, J. L. (1986). A cross-cultural analysis of achievement motivation in sport and in the classroom. In L. VanderVelden & J. Humphrey (Eds.), Psychology and sociology of sport: Current selected research (Vol. 1, pp. 115–134). New York: AMS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duda, J. L., & Allison, M. T. (1990). Cross-cultural analysis in exercise and sport psychology: A void in the field. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 114–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S. (1985). Sex differences in achievement patterns. In T. Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium of Motivation, 1984: Psychology and gender (pp. 97–132). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., Barber, B., Jozefowicz, D., Malenchuk, O., & Vida, M. (1999). Self-evaluation of competence, task values, and self-esteem. In N. G. Johnson, M. C. Roberts, & J. Worell (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp. 53–84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1991). Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the Eccles expectancy-value model. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 7–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erkut, S., Fields, J. P., Sing, R., & Marx, F. (1996). Diversity in girls’ experiences: Feeling good about who you are. In B. J. R. Leadbeater & N. Way (Eds.), Urban girls: Resisting stereotypes, creating identities (pp. 53–64). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasting, K., & Brackenridge, C. (2001, June). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport – Challenges for sport psychology in the new millennium. Symposium presented at the World Congress of Sport Psychology, Skiathos, Greece.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Walseth, K. (2007). Women athletes’ personal responses to sexual harassment in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 419–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, M. A., & Jome, L. M. (2007). An exploration of gender-role expectations and conflict among women rugby players. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 311–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, L. A., Butryn, T. M., & Roper, E. A. (2003). Diversifying (and politicizing) sport psychology through cultural studies: A promising perspective. Sport Psychologist, 17, 391–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredericks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2004). Parental influences on youth involvement in sports. In M. R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 145–164). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredericks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 3–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilenstam, K., Karp, S., & Henriksson-Larsen, K. (2008). Gender in ice hockey: Women in a male territory. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18, 235–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D. L. (1993). Competitiveness and competitive orientation in sport. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook on research in sport psychology (pp. 314–327). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D. L. (1995). Women’s place in the history of sport psychology. Sport Psychologist, 9, 418–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D. L. (2007). Gender and cultural diversity. In G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 823–844). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D. L., & Deeter, T. E. (1988). Development of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59, 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D. L., Morrow, R. G., Collins, K. E., Lucey, A. B., & Schultz, A. M. (2006). Attitudes and sexual prejudice in sport and physical activity. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 554–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf, C. (2002). Athletic body image: Exploratory interviews with former competitive female athletes. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 11, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf, C. (2005). Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex Roles, 52, 51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gridley, H. (2005). Commentary on chapter 11. In M. B. Anderson (Ed.), Sport psychology in practice (pp. 217–221). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, P. S. (1998). Strong women, deep closets: Lesbians and homophobia in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. A. (1996). Feminism and sporting bodies. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. L. (1998). Softly strong: African American women’s use of exercise in therapy. In K. F. Hays (Ed.), Integrating exercise, sports, movement and mind: Therapeutic unity (pp. 81–100). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. L. (2001). Shaking the foundation: Women of color in sport. Sport Psychologist, 15, 386–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D. V., & Jennings, S. E. (1977). Self-perceptions of female distance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301, 808–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hausenblas, H., & Mack, D. E. (1999). Social physique anxiety and eating disorders among female athletic and nonathletic populations. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 502–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausenblas, H., & Fallon, E. (2002). Relationship among body image, exercise behavior, and exercise dependence symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 179–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellison, D., Cutworth, N., Kallusky, J., Martinek, T., Parker, M., & Stiehl, J. (2000). Youth development and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, K. A., & Bedini, L. A. (1995). “I have a soul that dances like Tina Turner, but my body can’t”: Physical activity and women with disability impairments. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66, 151–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2000). Psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, J. B., Beuter, A., & Duda, J. L. (1988). Self-efficacy and training for strength in adolescent girls. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 699–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch. (2001). Hatred in the hallways: Violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students in U.S. schools. American Journal of Health Education, 32, 302–306. Full report Retrieved June 6, 2005, from http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/uslgbt/toc.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C., Powers, J. S., & Dick, R. (1999). Athletes and eating disorders: The National Collegiate Athletic Association study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 179–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamphoff, C. (2006). Bargaining with patriarchy: Former women coaches’ experiences and their decision to leave collegiate coaching. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamphoff, C. (2008). The U.K. coaching system is failing women coaches: A commentary. International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching, 3, 469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamphoff, C., Araki, K., & Gill, D. (2004, Fall). Diversity issues in AAASP. AAASP Newsletter, pp. 26–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamphoff, C., Armentrout, S. M., Driska, A., & Daniels, C. (2009, April). Women’s experiences as Division I head coaches of men’s teams. Paper presented at the American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance International Conference, Tampa, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamphoff, C., Armentrout, S. M., & Leberman S. (2008, May). Women as elite coaches: Strategies for sport and social change. Paper presented at Remember is to Resist: 40 Years of Sport and Social Change International Conference, Toronto, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, M. J., & Snyder, E. (1989). Sport typing: The social “containment” of women. Arena Review, 13, 77–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang, L., Gill, D. L., Acevedo, E. D., & Deeter, T. E. (1990). Competitive orientations among athletes and nonathletes in Taiwan. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 21, 146–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kian, E. M., Vincent, J., & Mondello, M. (2008). Masculine hegemonic hoops: An analysis of media coverage of March madness. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25, 223–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimm, S. Y. S., Glynn, N. W., Kriska, A. M., Barton, B. A., Krosenberg, S. S., Daniels, S. R., et al. (2002). Decline in physical activity in Black girls and White girls during adolescence. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 709–715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, S. L., & Wintrup, G. (2001). Running the gauntlet: An examination of initiation/hazing and sexual abuse in sport. In A. Papaioannou, M. Goudas, & Y. Theodorkis (Eds.), International Society of Sport Psychology 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology: Vol. 4 Programme & Proceedings (p. 186). Thessaloniki, Greece: Christodoulidi Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koca, C., & Asci, F. H. (2005). Gender role orientation in Turkish female athletes and non-athletes. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 14, 86–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koivula, N. (1995). Ratings of gender appropriateness of sports participation: Effects of gender-based schema processing. Sex Roles, 33, 543–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koss, M. P. (1990). The women’s mental health research agenda. American Psychologist, 45, 374–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krane, V. (2001). We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women’s sport. Quest, 53, 115–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krane, V., & Barber, H. (2003). Lesbian experiences in sport: A social identity perspective. Quest, 55, 328–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krane, V., Choi, P. Y. L., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex Roles, 50, 315–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krane, V., Waldron, J., Michalenok, J., & Stiles-Shipley, J. (2001). Body image concerns in female exercisers and athletes. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 10, 17–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyrejto, J. W., Mosewich, A. D., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2008). Men’s and women’s drive for muscularity: Gender differences and cognitive behavioral correlates. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laberge, S. (1992). Employment situation of higher performance coaches in Canada. Sport Canada, 3(1), 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapchick, R. (2006). The 2005 Racial and Gender Report Card. Retrieved March, 2008, from http://www.bus.ucf.edu/sport

  • Lapchick, R. (2008). The 2008 Racial and Gender Report Card of the Associated Press Sports Editors. Retrieved June 28, 2008, from http://www.tidesport.org

  • Lapchick, R., Lerner, C., & Zahn, J. (2008). The 2008 Women’s National Basketball Association Racial and Gender Report Card. The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport. Retrieved October 15, 2008, from http://www.bus.ucf.edu/sport/public/downloads/2008_WNBA_RGRC_PR.pdf

  • Leahy, T., Pretty, G., & Tenenbaum, G. (2001). “Once I got into the elite squad, it was a lot easier for him to get me”: Sexual abuse in organised sport – A comparison of elite and club athletes’ experiences. In A. Papaioannou, M. Goudas, & Y. Theodorkis (Eds.), International Society of Sport Psychology 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology: Programme & Proceedings (Vol. 4, pp. 190–192). Thessaloniki, Greece: Christodoulidi Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenskyj, H. (1992). Unsafe at home base: Women’s experiences of sexual harassment in university sport and physical education. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 1, 19–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markula, P. (1995). Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: Postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 15, 109–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuley, E., Bane, S., & Mihalko, S. (1995). Exercise in middle-aged adults: Self-efficacy and self-presentational outcomes. Preventive Medicine, 24, 319–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, J., & Orlick, T. (1975). Cooperative sport structures: A preliminary analysis. Mouvement, 7, 267–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. A. (1992). Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. A. (1996). Studying up on sex. Sociology of Sport Journal, 13, 21–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. A., Duncan, M. C., & Jensen, K. (1993). Separating the men from the girls: The gendered language of televised sports. In D. S. Eitzen (Ed.), Sport in contemporary society: An anthology (4th ed., pp. 219–233). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metheny, E. (1965). Symbolic forms of movement: The feminine image in sports. In E. Metheny (Ed.), Connotations of movement in sport and dance (pp. 43–56). Dubuque, IA: Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E., Sabo, D. F., Farrell, M. P., Barnes, G. M., & Melnick, M. J. (1999). Sports, sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among female and male high school students: Testing cultural resource theory. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 366–387.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, R. G., & Gill, D. L. (2003). Perceptions of homophobia and heterosexism in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 205–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muscat, A. C. & Long, B. C. (2008). Comments about body shape and weight: Disordered eating of female athletes and sport participants. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Amateur Athletic Federation, Women’s Division. (1930). Women and athletics. New York: Barnes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, L. (2008). The U.K. coaching system is failing women coaches. International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching, 3, 447–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parham, W. D. (2005). Raising the bar: Developing an understanding of athletes from racially, culturally, and ethnically diverse backgrounds. In M. B. Anderson (Ed.), Sport psychology in practice (pp. 201–215). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. J. (1987). Sport, gender and society in a transatlantic Victorian perspective. In J. A. Mangan & R. J. Park (Eds.), From “fair sex” to feminism: Sport and socialization of women in the industrial and postindustrial eras (pp. 58–93). London: Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, S., & Seidman, E. (2004). Team sport achievement and self-esteem development among urban adolescent girls. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 412–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R. & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An unrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548–557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, M., Macera, C. A., & Blanton, C. (1999). Levels of physical activity and inactivity in children and adults in the United States: Current evidence and research issues. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 31, 526–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. (1997). Physical activity and sport in the lives of girls: Physical and mental health dimensions from an interdisciplinary approach. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram, N., Starek, J., & Johnson, J. (2004). Race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation: Still a void in sport and exercise psychology. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 250–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, S. R. (2003). Campus climate for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people: A national perspective. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute. Retrieved June 6, 2005, from: http://www.thetaskforce.org/reslibrary

    Google Scholar 

  • Reel, J. J., & Gill, D. L. (1996). Psychosocial factors related to eating disorders among high school and college female cheerleaders. Sport Psychologist, 10, 195–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reel, J. J., SooHoo, S., Jamieson, K. M., & Gill, D. L. (2005). Femininity to the extreme: Body image concerns among college female dancers. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 14, 39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richman, E. L., & Shaffer, D. R. (2000). “If you let me play sports”: How might sport participation influence the self-esteem of adolescent females. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 189–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riemer, B. A., & Visio, M. E. (2003). Gender-typing of sports: An investigation of Metheny’s classification. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 193–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimmer, J. H. (2005). The conspicuous absence of people with disabilities in public fitness and recreation facilities: Lack of interest or lack of access? American Journal of Health Promotion, 19, 327–329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sage, G. H., & Loudermilk, S. (1979). The female athlete and role conflict. Research Quarterly, 50, 88–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmalz, D. L., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2006). Girlie girls and manly men: Children’s stigma consciousness of gender in sports and physical activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 38, 536–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spears, B. (1978). Prologue: The myth. In C. A. Ogelsby (Ed.), Women and sport: From myth to reality (pp. 1–15). Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity and femininity. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2004). Whiteness and ethnocentric monoculturalism: Making the “invisible” visible. American Psychologist, 59, 761–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, M., & Williamson, S. (2000). The effect of exercise on body satisfaction and self-esteem as a function of gender and age. Sex Roles, 43, 119–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo, N. (1995). Machines, missiles, and men: Images of the male body on ABC’s Monday Night Football. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 403–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker Center for Research on Girls and Women in Sport. (2007). The 2007 Tucker Center Research Report on developing physically active girls: An evidence-based multidisciplinary approach. Retrieved January, 19, 2008, from Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport, University of Minnesota Web site: http://www.tuckercenter.org/projects/tcrr/default.html

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2000). Healthy people 2010. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2003). National healthcare disparities report. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkwein, K. A. E. (2001). Sexual harassment of women in athletics vs. academia. In A. Papaioannou, M. Goudas & Y. Theodorkis (Eds.), International Society of Sport Psychology 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology: Vol. 4. Programme & Proceedings (p. 183). Thessaloniki, Greece: Christodoulidi Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkwein, K. A. E., Schnell, F. I., Sherwood, D., & Livezey, A. (1997). Sexual harassment in sports: Perceptions and experiences of female student athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32, 283–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R., Tennenbaum, G., McKenzie, A., Jackson, S. J., Anshel, M., Grove, R.,et al. (2000). Motivation for sport and physical activity: Relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 321–346.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA

    Diane L. Gill

  2. Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, USA

    Cindra S. Kamphoff

Authors
  1. Diane L. Gill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cindra S. Kamphoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Connecticut College, Mohegan Avenue 270, New London, 06320, U.S.A.

    Joan C. Chrisler

  2. Elm Street 38, Toronto, M5G 2K5, Canada

    Donald R. McCreary

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gill, D.L., Kamphoff, C.S. (2010). Gender in Sport and Exercise Psychology. In: Chrisler, J., McCreary, D. (eds) Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1467-5_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation