Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Future Directions and Research Needs for Chlorinated Solvent Plumes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes

Part of the book series: SERDP/ESTCP Environmental Remediation Technology ((SERDP/ESTCP))

Abstract

Remediation of chlorinated solvent plumes has improved tremendously over the past 25 years. Several treatment and containment technologies have been developed and successfully deployed. These technologies have allowed management of plumes for far less cost than the earlier presumptive remedy of pump-and-treat. The ability to restore contaminated sites has increased as well, reducing health and environmental risks and often allowing for higher value uses of redeveloped lands.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Personal Communication with Linda Abriola, Tufts University; Mike Annable, University of Florida; Bob Borden, North Carolina State University; Ron Falta, Clemson University; Bruce Henry, Parsons; Paul Johnson, Arizona State University; Rick Johnson, Oregon Health and Science University; Andrea Leeson, DoD SERDP/ESTCP; Dave Major, Geosyntec Consultants; Perry McCarty, Stanford University; Jim Mercer, GeoTrans, Inc.; Chuck Newell, GSI Environmental, Inc.; Jack Parker, University of Tennessee; Tom Sale, Colorado State University; Tom Simpkin, CH2M HILL; John Vogan, EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (2008).

References

  • Abreu L, Johnson PC. 2005. Effect of vapor source-building separation and building construction on soil vapor intrusion as studied with a three-dimensional numerical model. Environ Sci Technol 39:4550–4561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AFCEE (Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence; now the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment). 2004. Principles and Practices of Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents. Prepared by Parsons Infrastructure and Technology Group, Inc. for AFCEE, Brooks City-Base, TX, USA; Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), Port Hueneme, CA, USA; and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Arlington, VA, USA. http://www.estcp.org/Technology/upload/ER-0125-PP-01-N-2.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • AFCEE. 2006. Long-Term Monitoring Optimization Guide, Version 1.2. AFCEE Environmental Restoration Division, Brooks City-Base, TX, USA. November 2006. http://www.afcee.af.mil/resources/restoration/ltm/index.asp. Accessed June 4, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • AFCEE. 2009. Sustainable Remediation Tool (SRT). AFCEE, Brooks City-Base, TX, USA. http://www.afcee.af.mil/resources/technologytransfer/programsandinitiatives/sustainableremediation/srt/index.asp. Accessed July 14, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • AFCEE, NFESC, ESTCP. 2008. Final report: Workshop on In Situ Biogeochemical Transformation of Chlorinated Solvents. Prepared by CDM, Bellevue, WA, USA. February. 65 p. http://www.afcee.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080429-058.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbier E. 1987. The concept of sustainable economic development. Environ Conserv 14:101–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basu NB, Rao PSC, Falta RW, Annable MD, Jawitz JW, Hatfield K. 2007. Temporal evolution of DNAPL source and contaminant flux distribution: Impacts of source mass depletion. J Contam Hydrol 95:93–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyke G, Fleming D. 2005. In situ thermal remediation of DNAPL and LNAPL using electrical resistance heating. Remediat J 15:5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown D, Mueller J. 2008. Oxidation or reduction, how to decide. Pollut Eng. April 1. http://www.pollutionengineering.com/Articles/Article_Rotation/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000306987. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brundtland G (ed). 1987. Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, March 20. 400 p. http://www.worldinbalance.net/agreements/1987-brundtland.php. Accessed March 12, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapelle F, Bradley P, Casey C. 2004. Accelerated cleanup follows Fenton’s ISCO and substrate addition. Technol News and Trends. December. http://clu-in.org/products/newsltrs/tnandt/view.cfm?issue=1204.cfm#3. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman SW, Parker BL. 2005. Plume persistence due to aquitard back diffusion following dense nonaqueous phase liquid removal or isolation. Water Resour Res 41:W12411.1-W12411.16, doi:10.1029/2005WR004224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ JA, Ramsburg CA, Pennell KD, Abriola LM. 2006. Estimating mass discharge from dense nonaqueous phase liquid source zones using upscaled mass transfer coefficients: An evaluation using multiphase numerical simulations. Water Resour Res 42:W11420, doi:10.1029/2006WR004886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copty NK, Findikakis AN. 2000. Quantitative estimates of the uncertainty in the evaluation of ground water remediation schemes. Ground Water 38:29–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costanza J, Pennell KD. 2007. Distribution and abiotic degradation of chlorinated solvents in heated field samples. Environ Sci Technol 41:1729–1734.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crimi M, Ko S. 2009. Control of manganese dioxide particles resulting from in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Chemosphere 74:847–853.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cupples AM. 2008. Real-time PCR quantification of dehalococcoides populations: Methods and applications. J Microbiol Methods 72:1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davie MG, Cheng H, Hopkins GD, Lebron CA, Reinhard M. 2008. Implementing heterogeneous catalytic dechlorination technology for remediating TCE-contaminated groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 42:8908–8915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Jonge H, Rothenberg G. 2005. New device and method for flux-proportional sampling of mobile solutes in soil and groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 39:274–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker TJ, Abriola LM. 2000. The influence of field-scale heterogeneity on the surfactant-enhanced remediation of entrapped nonaqueous phase liquids. J Contam Hydrol 42:219–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon T, Raco M, Catney P, Lerner D. 2007. Sustainable Brownfield Regeneration: Liveable Places from Problem Spaces. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 378 p.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2008. Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress Fiscal Year 2007. https://www.denix.osd.mil/portal/page/portal/ARC/ARCFY2007. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efroymson R, Nicolette JP, Suter II GW. 2003. A Framework for Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for Remediation or Restoration of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites. ORNL/TM-2003/17. U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ecorisk/documents/NEBA-petrol-s-report-RE.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falta RW. 2008. Methodology for comparing source and plume remediation alternatives. Ground Water 46:272–285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falta RW, Basu N, Rao PSC. 2005. Assessing the impacts of partial mass depletion in DNAPL source zones: II. Coupling source strength functions to plume evolution. J Contam Hydrol 79:45–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrey ML, Wilkin RT, Ford RG, Wilson JT. 2004. Nonbiological removal of cis-dichloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene in aquifer sediment containing magnetite. Environ Sci Technol 38:1746–1752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick NA, Fitzgerald JJ. 2002. An evaluation of vapor intrusion into buildings through a study of field data. Soil Sediment Contam 11:603–623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill M, Mahutova K. 2004. Introduction to Energy Conservation and Production at Waste Cleanup Sites. Engineering Forum Issue Paper, EPA 542-S-04–001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. May. http://www.epa.gov/tio/tsp/download/epa542s04001.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grégoire C, Joesten PK, Lane Jr JW. 2007. Use of Borehole-Radar Methods to Monitor a Steam-Enhanced Remediation Pilot Study at a Quarry at the Former Loring Air Force Base, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5191. 35 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5191/SIR2006-5191.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilbeault MA, Parker BL, Cherry JA. 2005. Mass and flux distributions from DNAPL zones in sandy aquifers. Ground Water 43:70–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harte PT. 2002. Comparison of temporal trends in VOCs as measured with PDB samplers and low-flow sampling methods. Ground Water Monit Remediat 22:45–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield K, Annable MD, Cho J, Rao PSC, Klammler H. 2004. A direct passive method for measuring water and contaminant fluxes in porous media. J Contam Hydrol 75:155–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council). 2007. Vapor Intrusion Pathway: A Practical Guideline. ITRC, Washington, DC, USA. http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/VI-1.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • ITRC. 2008. Enhanced Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics. ITRC, Washington, DC, USA. http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/EACO-1.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • ITRC. 2010. Technology Overview: Use and Measurement of Mass Flux and Mass Discharge. ITRC, Washington, DC, USA. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson PC, Ettinger RA. 1991. Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into buildings. Environ Sci Technol 25:1445–1452.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RL, Johnson PC, Johnson TL, Thomson NR, Leeson A. 2001. Diagnosis of in situ air sparging performance using transient groundwater pressure changes during startup and shutdown. Bioremediation J 5:299–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jury WA, Russo D, Streile G, Abd HE. 1990. Evaluation of volatilization by organic chemicals residing below the soil surface. Water Resour Res 26:13–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kakarla PK, Andrews T, Greenberg RS, Zervas DS. 2002. Modified Fenton’s processes for effective in-situ chemical oxidation: Laboratory and field evaluation. Remediat J 12:23–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanaugh MC, Rao PSC, Abriola L, Cherry J, Newell C, Sale T, Destouni G, Falta R, Shoemaker S, Siegrist R, Major D, Mercer J, Teutsch G, Udell K. 2003. The DNAPL Remediation Challenge: Is There a Case for Source Depletion? EPA/600/R-03/143. December. http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600R03143/600R03143.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitanidis PK, McCarty PL. 2010. Delivery and Mixing in the Subsurface: Processes and Design Principles for In Situ Remediation. SERDP and ESTCP Remediation Technology Monograph Series. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York, NY, USA. In Preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenigsberg SS, Hazen TC, Peacock AD. 2005. Environmental biotechnology: A bioremediation perspective. Remediat J 15:5–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaBrecque DJ, Ramirez AL, Daily WD, Binley AM, Schima SA. 1996. ERT monitoring of environmental remediation processes. Meas Sci Technol 7:375–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane Jr JW, Day-Lewis FD, Casey CC. 2006. Geophysical monitoring of a field-scale biostimulation pilot project. Ground Water 44:430–443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee ES, Woo NC, Schwartz FW, Lee BS, Lee KC, Woo MH, Kim JH, Kim HK. 2008. Characterization of controlled-release KMnO4 (CRP) barrier system for groundwater remediation: A pilot-scale flow-tank study. Chemosphere 71:902–910.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Clingenpeel SC, Leiser OP, Wymore RA, Sorenson Jr KS, Watwood ME. 2008. Activity-dependent labeling of oxygenase enzymes in a trichloroethene-contaminated groundwater site. Environ Pollut 153:238–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenczewski M, Jardine P, McKay L, Layton A. 2002. Natural attenuation of trichloroethylene in fractured shale bedrock. J Contam Hydrol 64:151–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li KB, Goovaerts P, Abriola LM. 2007. A geostatistical approach for quantification of contaminant mass discharge uncertainty using multilevel sampler measurements. Water Resour Res 43:W06436, doi:10.1029/2006WR005427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Hilton ABC. 2005. Reducing spatial sampling in long-term groundwater monitoring networks using ant colony optimization. Int J Comput Intell Res 1:19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang C, Lai M-C. 2008. Trichloroethylene degradation by zero valent iron activated persulfate oxidation. Environ Eng Sci 25:1071–1078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling M, Rifai HS, Newell CJ. 2004. Optimizing groundwater long-term monitoring networks using Delaunay triangulation spatial analysis techniques. Environmetrics 16:635–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovley DR. 2003. Cleaning up with genomics: Applying molecular biology to bioremediation. Nat Rev Microbiol 1:35–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maymó-Gatell X, Nijenhuis I, Zinder SH. 2001. Reductive dechlorination of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride by Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Environ Sci Technol 35:516–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meju M. 2000. Environmental geophysics: The tasks ahead. J Appl Geophysics 44:63–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitch WA, Sharp JO, Trussell RR, Valentine RL, Alvarez-Cohen L, Sedlak DL. 2003. Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a drinking water contaminant: A review. Environ Eng Sci 20:389–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NAVFAC (U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command). 2007. DNAPL Management Overview. NAVFAC, Port Hueneme, CA, USA. 17 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell CJ, Adamson DT. 2005. Planning-level source decay models to evaluate impacts of source depletion on remediation timeframe. Remediat J 15:27–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council). 1998. Systems Analysis and Systems Engineering in Environmental Remediation Programs at the Department of Energy Hanford Site. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA. 19 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC. 2005. Contaminants in the Subsurface: Source Zone Assessment and Remediation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oostrom M, Wietsma TW, Covert MA, Vermeul VR. 2007. Zero-valent iron emplacement in permeable porous media using polymer additions. Ground Water Monit Remediat 27:122–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker BL, Gillham RW, Cherry JA. 1994. Diffusive disappearance of immiscible-phase organic liquids in fractured geologic media. Ground Water 32:805–820.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JD, Collins GE. 2005. Integrated microfluidic device for solid-phase extraction coupled to micellar electrokinetic chromatography separation. Anal Chem 77:6664–6670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rathfelder KM, Lang JR, Abriola LM. 2000. A numerical model (MISER) for the simulation of coupled physical, chemical and biological processes in soil vapor extraction and bioventing systems. J Contam Hydrol 43:239–270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds DA, Jones EH, Gillen M, Yusoff I, Thomas DG. 2008. Electrokinetic migration of permanganate through low-permeability media. Ground Water 46:629–637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JD. 2008. Bench scale performance of partitioning electron donors for TCE DNAPL bioremediation. MSc. Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. http://www.uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/10012/3645/1/RobertsThesisFinal%28rev1%29.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenton S, Illangasekare TH, Soga L, Saba TA. 2001. Effects of source zone heterogeneity on surfactant enhanced NAPL dissolution and resulting remediation end-points. J Contam Hydrol 59:27–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sale T, Newell C, Stroo H, Hinchee R, Johnson P. 2008. Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Management of Chlorinated Solvents in Soils and Groundwater. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Arlington, VA, USA. http://www.estcp.org/Technology/upload/ER-0530-FAQ.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmandt J, Ward CH (eds). 2000. Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Transition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 223 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz F. 2008. Semi-Passive Oxidation-Based Approaches for Control of Large, Dilute Groundwater Plumes of Chlorinated Ethylenes. SERDP Project No. ER-1684 Fact Sheet. http://serdp.org/Research/ER-1684-FS.cfm. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz R, Ptak T, Holder T, Teutsch G. 1998. Groundwater risk assessment at contaminated sites: A new approach for the inversion of contaminant concentration data measured at pumping wells. In Herbert M, Kovar K, eds, Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection. IAHS Publication No. 250. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, UK, pp 68–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • SERDP (Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program). 2001. Expert Panel Workshop Report: Research and Development Needs for Cleanup of Chlorinated Solvent Sites. SERDP/ESTCP, Arlington, VA, USA. http://www.estcp.org/documents/techdocs/chlorsolvcleanup.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • SERDP. 2005. Expert Panel Workshop Report: Research and Development Needs for Environmental Remediation Applications of Molecular Biological Tools. SERDP /ESTCP, Arlington, VA, USA. http://www.serdp.org/Research/upload/MBT%20Workshop%20Report.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • SERDP. 2006. Expert Panel Workshop Report: Reducing the Uncertainty of DNAPL Source Zone Remediation. SERDP/ESTCP, Arlington, VA, USA. http://www.serdp.org/Symposium/. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood-Lollar B, Slater GF, Sleep BE, Witt M, Klecka GM, Harkness M, Spivack J. 2001. Stable carbon isotope evidence for intrinsic bioremediation of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene at Area 6, Dover Air Force Base. Environ Sci Technol 35:261–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegrist RL, Crimi ML, Munakata-Marr J, Illangasekare T, Dugan P, Heiderscheidt J, Petri B, Sahl J. 2008. Chemical oxidation for clean up of contaminated ground water. In Annable M, Teodorescuk M, Hiavinek P, Diels L, eds, Methods and Techniques for Cleaning-up Contaminated Sites. Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 45–58.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silka LR. 1998. Simulation of vapor transport through the unsaturated zone: Interpretation of soil-gas surveys. Ground Water Monitor Remediat 8:115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva JAK, Smith M, McCray JE, Munkata-Marr J. 2007. Water-soluble polymers to enhance the sweep-efficiency of in situ remediation agents. Poster presentation at the SERDP/ESTCP 2007 Partners in Environmental Technology Symposium, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MM, Silva JAK, Munkata-Marr J, McCray JE. 2008. Compatibility of polymers and chemical oxidants for enhanced groundwater remediation. Environ Sci Technol 42:9296–9301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soga K, Page JWE, Illangasekare TH. 2004. A review of NAPL source zone remediation efficiency and the mass flux approach. J Hazard Mater 110:13–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson KS, Peterson LN, Hinchee RE, Ely RL. 2000. An evaluation of aerobic trichloroethene attenuation using first-order rate estimation. Bioremediation J 4:337–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steimle R. 2002. The state of the practice: Characterizing and remediating contaminated groundwater at fractured rock sites. Remediat J 12:23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroo HF, Unger M, Ward CH, Kavanaugh MC, Vogel C, Leeson A, Marqusee JA, Smith BP. 2003. Remediating chlorinated solvent source zones. Environ Sci Technol 37:224A–230A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stroo HF, Leeson A, Shepard AJ, Koenigsberg SS, Casey CC. 2006. Monitored natural attenuation forum: Environmental remediation applications of molecular biological tools. Remediat J 16:125–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teel AL, Watts RJ. 2002. Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by modified Fenton’s reagent. J Hazard Mater 94:179–189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theis TL, O’Carroll DM, Vogel DC, Lane AB, Collins K. 2003. Systems analysis of pump-and-treat groundwater remediation. Pract Period Hazard Toxic Radioactive Waste Management 7:177–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillman FD, Weaver JW. 2005. Review of Recent Research on Vapor Intrusion. EPA/600/R-05/106. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2001. A Report to Congress on Long-Term Stewardship: Volume I. DOE/EM-0563. Office of Environmental Management, Office of Long-Term Stewardship, USDOE, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2002. Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils: Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance. EPA530-D-02–004. USEPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC, USA. http://epa.gov/osw/hazard/correctiveaction/eis/vapor/complete.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. 2008a. Green Remediation: Incorporating Sustainable Environmental Practices into Remediation of Contaminated Sites. EPA 542-R-08–002. USEPA, Washington, DC, USA. http://www.cluin.org/download/remed/Green-Remediation-Primer.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA. 2008b. Emerging Contaminant—1,4 Dioxane. EPA 505-F-07–004. USEPA, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Sustainable Remediation Forum. 2009. Sustainable remediation white paper: Integrating sustainable principles, practices, and metrics into remediation projects. Remediat J 19:5–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vrana B, Allan IJ, Greenwod R, Mills GA, Dominiak E, Svensson K, Knutsson J, Morrison G. 2005. Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water. Trends Anal Chem 24:845–868.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang TA, McTernan WF. 2002. The development and application of a multilevel decision analysis model for the remediation of contaminated groundwater under uncertainty. J Environ Management 64:221–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weidemeier TH, Rifai H, Newell CJ, Wilson JT. 1999. Natural attenuation of fuels and chlorinated solvents in the subsurface. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. 632 p.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Werner PG, Helmke MF. 2003. Chemical oxidation of tetrachlorethene in a fractured saprolite bedrock aquifer. Remediat J 14:95–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West MR, Grant GP, Gerhard JI, Kueper BH. 2007. The influence of precipitate formation on the chemical oxidation of TCE DNAPL with potassium permanganate. Adv Water Resour 31:324–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson MA, Mendez E, Chapelle FH, Casey CC. 2005. Natural Attenuation Software (NAS) User’s Manual, Version 2. http://www.nas.cee.vt.edu/index.php. Accessed June 18, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Pinder GF, Herrera GS. 2005. Least cost design of groundwater quality monitoring networks. Water Resour Res 41,W08412, doi:10.1029/2005WR003936.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Ashland, OR, 97520, USA

    H. F. Stroo

  2. Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA

    C. H. Ward

Authors
  1. H. F. Stroo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. H. Ward
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. HydroGeoLogic, Inc., 11107 Sunset Hills Road, Reston, 20190-5309, Virginia, USA

    H.F. Stroo

  2. Dept. Environmental Science & Engin., Rice University, Main Street 6100, Houston, 77005-1892, Texas, USA

    C.H. Ward

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stroo, H.F., Ward, C.H. (2010). Future Directions and Research Needs for Chlorinated Solvent Plumes. In: Stroo, H., Ward, C. (eds) In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes. SERDP/ESTCP Environmental Remediation Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1401-9_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation