Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modelling the Response of the Biological Pump to Climate Change

  • Conference paper
The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((NAIV,volume 40))

Abstract

The concentrations of so-called “greenhouse” gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and halocarbons and other halogenated compounds, are increasing in the atmosphere mainly due to human activities. These gases trap outgoing radiation from the Earth’s surface, causing a warming of the lower atmosphere. The fate of carbon produced from fossil fuel emissions has received a great deal of attention both in scientific circles and in the media. The present atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by anthropogenic emissions of this gas, about three quarters of which are due to fossil fuel burning which released 6.3 ± 0.4 Gt C yr-1 between 1990 and 1999 (IPCC 2001). The remainder is due to land use change. The resulting atmospheric CO2 increase is 3.2 ± 0.1 Gt C yr-1. This increase is less than the emissions because the ocean and terrestrial biosphere sequester much of the carbon. The flux from atmosphere to ocean is estimated to be 1.7 ± 0.5 Gt C yr-1 between 1990 and 1999 (IPCC 2001). The large volume of the ocean, in conjunction with the chemistry of the marine carbonate system, means that it potentially has the capacity to continue taking up CO2 of anthropogenic origin for at least several centuries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aksnes, D.L., Egge, J.K., Rosland, R. and Heimdal, B.R. (1994). Representation of Emiliania huxleyi in phytoplankton simulation models. A first approach. Sarsia 79, 291–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.R. (1994). Relating C:N ratios in zooplankton food and faecal pellets using a biochemical model. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 184, 183–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.R. and Hessen, D.O. (1995). Carbon or nitrogen limitation in marine copepods? J. Plankton Res. 17, 317–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.R. and Williams, P.J. le B. (1998). Modelling the seasonal cycle of dissolved organic carbon at Station El in the English Channel. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. 46, 93–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.R. and Williams, P.J. le B. (1999). A one-dimensional model of dissolved organic carbon cycling in the water column incorporating combined biologicalphotochemical decomposition. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 337–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.R. and Ducklow, H.W. (2001). Microbial loop carbon cycling in ocean environments studied using a simple steady-state model. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 26, 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.R. and Pondaven, P. (2003) Non-Redfield carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Sargasso Sea: pelagic imbalances and export flux. Deep-Sea Res. I 50, 573–591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, R.A., Lee, C., Hedges, J.I., Honjo, S. and Wakeham, S.G. (2002). A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 219–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J.G., Gray, J.S., Meyer-Reil, L.A. and Thingstad, F. (1983). The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10, 257–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacastow, R. and Maier-Reimer, E. (1990). Ocean-circulation model of the carbon cycle. Climate Dynam. 4, 95–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baretta, J.W., Ebenhöh, W., Ruardij, P. (1995). The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model, a complex marine ecosystem model. Neth. J. Sea Res. 33, 233–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berelson, W.M. (2001). The flux of particulate organic carbon into the ocean interior: A comparison of four U.S. JGOFS regional studies. Oceanography 14, 59–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bissett, W.P., Walsh, J.J., Dieterle, D.A. and Carder, K.L. (1999). Carbon cycling in the upper waters of the Sargasso Sea: I. Numerical simulation of differential carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Deep-Sea Res. I 46, 205–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bopp, L., Monfray, P., Aumont, O., Dufrense, J.-L., Le Treut, H., Madec, G., Terray, L. and Orr, J.C. (2001). Potential impact of climate change on marine export production. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 81–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, P. and Newton, P. (1995). Evidence of the potential influence of planktonic community structure on the interannual variability of particulate organic carbon flux. Deep-Sea Res. I 42, 619–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, P.W. (2002). The role of iron in the biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific: a comparison of in situ iron experiments. Deep-Sea Res. 49, 1803–1821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao M. and Woodward F.I. (1998). Net primary and ecosystem production and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to climate change. Global Change Biology 4: 185–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlotti, F. and Radach, G. (1996). Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and Calanus finmarchicus in the North Sea as revealed by a coupled one-dimensional model. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 522–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C.A., Ducklow, H.W. and Michaels, A.F. (1994). Annual flux of dissolved organic carbon from the euphotic zone in the northwestern Sargasso Sea. Nature 371, 405–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chai, F., Lindley, S.T. and Barber, R.T. (1996). Origin and maintenance of a high nitrate condition in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II 43, 1031–1064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chai, F., Dugdale, R.C., Peng, T.-H., Wilkerson, F.P. and Barber, R.T. (2002). Onedimensional ecosystem model of the equatorial Pacific upwelling system. Part I: model development and silicon and nitrogen cycle. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 2713–2745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C.-T.A., Lim, C.-M., Huang, B.-T. and Chang, L.-F. (1996). Stoichiometry of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen in the particulate matter of the western North Pacific marginal seas. Mar. Chem. 54, 179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, J.R., Verschell, M.A., Murtugudde, R., Busalacchi, A.J. and McClain, C.R. (2002). Biogeochemical modelling of the tropical Pacific Ocean. I: Seasonal and interannual variabililty. Deep-Sea Res. 49, 509–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. and Gordon, C. (2002). North Atlantic oceanic decadal variability in the Hadley Centre coupled model. J. Clim. 15, 45–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, S., Rendell, A. and Jickells, T. (1995). Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature 376, 243–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P.M., Betts, R.A., Jones, C.D., Spall, S.A. and Totterdell, I.J. (2000). Acceleration of global warming by carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408, 184–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J.J., Lewis, M.R., Davis, C.O. and Barber, R.T. (1992). Photosynthetic characteristics and estimated growth rates indicate grazing is the proximate control of primary production in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 639–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry, R.G. and McCartney, M.S. (2001). Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Physical Oceanography 31, 3374–3400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, K.L., Wallace, D.W.R., Smith, W.O. Jr., Skoog, A., Lara, R., Gosselin, M., Falck, E. and Yager, P.L. (1999). Non-Redfield carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Arctic: Effects of ecosystem structure and dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 3185–3199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denman, K.L. and Peña, M.A. (1999). A coupled 1-D biological/physical model of the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean with iron limitation. Deep-Sea Res. II 46, 2877–2908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugdale, R.C. and Goering, J.J. (1967). Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12, 196–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, M., Reid, P. and Planque, B. (2001). Long-term regional variability of phytoplankton biomass in the northeast Atlantic (1960–1995). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58, 39–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egge, J.K. and Heimdal, B.R. (1994). Blooms of phytoplankton including Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta). Effects of nutrient supply in different N:P ratios. Sarsia 79, 333–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, A. and Passow, U. (2001). Carbon and nitrogen content of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in relation to their Alcian Blue adsorption. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 219, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G. (1997). Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean. Nature 387, 272–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasham, M.J.R., Ducklow, H.W. and McKelvie, S.M. (1990). A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer. J. Mar. Res. 48, 591–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasham, M..J.R. (1993). Modelling the marine biota. In: The Global Carbon Cycle (ed. M. Heimann). NATO ASI Ser. Vol. I15, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 457–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasham, M.J.R., Sarmiento, J.L., Slater, R.D., Ducklow, H.W. and Williams, R. (1993). Ecosystem behaviour at Bermuda Station “S” and ocean weather station “India”: A general circulation model and observational analysis. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 379–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasham, M.J.R. (1995). Variations in the seasonal cycle of biological production in subarctic oceans: A model sensitivity analysis. Deep-Sea Res. 42, 1111–1149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasham, M.J.R., Boyd, P.W. and Savidge, G. (1999). Modeling the relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to carbon flow at a Lagrangian JGOFS station in the Northeast Atlantic: The importance of DOC. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 80–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follows MJ, Williams RG and Marshall JC (1996). The solubility pump of carbon in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. Journal of Marine Research 54: 605–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, B.W. (1991). The role of grazing in nutrient-rich areas of the open sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1616–1630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabric, A.J., Cropp, R., Ayers, G.P., McTainsh, G. and Braddock, R. (2002). Coupling between cycles of phytoplankton biomass and aerosol optical depth as derived from SeaWiFS time series in the subantarctic Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 2, 10.1029/2001GL013545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J.N., Schlesinger, W.H., Levy, H., Michaels, A. and Schnoor, J.L. (1995). Nitrogen fixation: Anthropogenic enhancement — environmental response. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 235–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganeshram RS, Pedersen TF, Calvert SE, McNeill GW and Fontugne MR (2000). Glacialinterglacial variability in denitrification in the world’s oceans: Causes and consequences. Paleoceanography 15: 361–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geider, R.J. and La Roche, J. (2002). Redfield revisited: variability of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis. European J. Phycology 37, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillooly, J.F. (2000). Effect of body size and temperature on generation time in zooplankton. J. Plankton Res. 22, 241–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gismervik, I. (1997). Stoichiometry of some marine planktonic crustaceans. J. Plankton Res. 19, 279–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, J.C., Caron, D.A. and Dennett, M.R. (1987). Regulation of gross growth efficiency and ammonium regeneration in bacteria by substrate C:N ratio. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32, 1239–1252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnanadesikan, A., Sarmientio, J.L. and Slater, R.D. (2003). Effects of patchy ocean fertilization on atmospheric carbon dioxide and biological production. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, 1050, doi:10.1029/2002/BG001940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grover, J.P. (1989). Influence of cell shape and size on algal competitive ability. J. Phycol. 25, 402–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, N. and Sarmiento, J.L. (1997). Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 235–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgpeth, J.W. (1977). Models and muddles. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters 30, 92–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinze C, Maier-Reimer E and Winn K (1991). Glacial pCO2 reduction by the world ocean: experiments with the Hamburg carbon cycle model. Paleoceanography 6: 395–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999). Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine Freshw. Res. 50, 839–866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkinson, C.S. Jr., Fry, B. and Nolin, A.L. (1997). Stoichiometry of dissolved organic matter dynamics on the continental shelf of the northeastern U.S.A. Cont. Shelf Res. 17, 473–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report 2001, Cambridge University Press, 881 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G.A. (2001). Effect of coagulation on a model planktonic food web. Deep-Sea Res. I 48, 95–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G.A. and Burd, A.B. (2002). A model for the distribution of particle flux in the midwater column controlled by subsurface biotic interactions. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 193–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K.S., Gordon, R.M. and Coale, K.H. (1997). What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? Mar. Chem. 57, 137–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joos, F., Sarmiento, J.L. and Siegenthaler, U. (1991). Estimates of the effect of Southern Ocean iron fertilization on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Nature 349, 772–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl, D., Michaels, A., Bergman, B., Capone, D., Carpenter, E., Letelier, R., Lipshcultz, F., Paerl, H., Sigman, D. and Stal, L. (2002). Dinitrogen fixation in the world’s oceans. Biogeochemistry 57/58, 47–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepkay, P.E., Jellett, J.F. and Niven, S.E.H. (1997). Respiration and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of a phytoplankton bloom. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 150, 249–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P., Langdon, C. and Opdyke, B.N. (1999). Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science 284, 118–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, F. and McElroy, M.B. (1984). Changes in atmospheric CO2: influence of the marine biota at high latitude. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 4629–4637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korb, R.E., Saville, P.J., Johnston, A.M. and Raven, J.A. (1997). Sources of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis by three species of marine diatom. J. Phycol. 33, 433–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampitt RS, Hillier WR and Challenor PG (1993). Seasonal and diel variations in the open ocean concentration of marine snow aggregates. Nature 362: 737–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampitt R.S. and Antia A.N. (1997). Particle flux in deep seas: regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep-Sea Res. I 44, 1377–1403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancelot, C., Hannon, E., Becquevort, S., Veth, C. and De Baar, H.J.W. (2000). Modeling phytoplankton blooms and carbon export production in the Southern Ocean: dominant controls by light and iron in the Atlantic sector in Austral spring 1992. Deep-Sea Res. I 47, 1621–1662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legendre, L. and Rassoulzadegan, F. (1996). Food-web mediated export of biogenic carbon in oceans: hydrodynamic control. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 145, 179–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, C.L., McClain, C.R., Murtugudde, R., Hofmann, E.E. and Harding, L.W. Jr. (1999). An iron-based ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1325–1341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, A.R. and Harrison, W.G. (1988). Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton. Deep-Sea Res. 35, 881–889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, A. (1995). Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. Prog. Oceanogr. 36, 77–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loukos, H., Frost, B., Harrison, D.E. and Murray, J.W. (1997). An ecosystem model with iron limitation of primary production in the equatorial Pacific at 140°W. Deep-Sea Res. II 44, 2221–2249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier-Reimer, E., Hasselmann, K. (1987). Transport and storage of carbon dioxide in the ocean in an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Climate Dynam. 2, 63–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U. and Winguth, A. (1996). Future ocean uptake of CO2: interaction between ocean circulation and biology. Clim. Dyn. 12, 711–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, T.C. (1971). The relative importance of nannoplankton and netplankton as primary producers in tropical oceanic and neritic phytoplankton communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 16, 633–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R. (1978). Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanol. Acta 1, 493–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J.H., Knauer, G.A., Karl, D.M. and Broenkow, W.W. (1987). VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 34, 267–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J.H. and Fitzwater, S. (1988). Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 331, 341–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J.H., Fitzwater, S. and Gordon, R.M. (1990). Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 4, 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matear, RJ and Hirst, AC (1999). Climate change feedback on the future oceanic CO2 uptake. Tellus 51B, 722–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, J.P. Jr., Kohler, K.E., Hood, R.R., Smith, S., Kindle, J., Fischer, A.S. and Weller, R.A. (2001). Influences of diurnal and intraseasonal forcing on mixed-layer and biological variability in the central Arabian Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 7139–7155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J.D., Troy, P.J., Balch, W.M., Adams, A.K., Li, Y.-H. and Mackenzie, F.T. (1999). Biologically mediated dissolution of calcium carbonate above the chemical lysocline? Deep-Sea Res. I 46, 1653–1669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, B.G., Brody, E.A., Holm-Hansen, O., McClain, C. and Bishop, J. (1991). Light limitation of phytoplankton biomass and macronutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 30, 1662–1677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moloney, C.L. and Field, J.G. (1991). The size-based dynamics of plankton food webs. I. A simulation model of carbon and nitrogen flows. J. Plankton Res. 13, 1003–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.K., Doney, S.C., Kleypas, J.A., Glover, D.M. and Fung, I.Y. (2002). An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 403–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Najjar, R.G., Sarmiento, J.L. and Toggweiler, J.R. (1992). Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean: Simulations with a general circulation model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 6, 45–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nihoul, J.C.J. and Djenidi, S. (1987). Perspective in three-dimensional modelling of the marine system. In: Three-dimensional models of marine and estuarine dynamics (eds. J.C.J. Nihoul and B.M. Jamart). Elsevier Oceanography Series 45, pp. 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimer, N.A., Inglesias-Rodriguez, M.D. and Merrett, M.J. (1997). Bicarbonate utilization by marine phytoplankton species. J. Phycol. 33, 625–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oeschger, H., Siegenthaler, U., Schotterer, U. and Gugelmann, A. (1975). A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature. Tellus 27, 168–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguz, T., Ducklow, H.W., Purcell, J.E. and Malontte-Rizzoli, P. (2001). Modeling the response of top-down control exerted by gelatinous carnivores on the Black Sea pelagic food web. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 4543–4564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, S., Ennyu, A., Najjar, R.G. and Bates, N.R. (2001). Shallow remineralisation in the Sargasso Sea estimated from seasonal variations in oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nitrate. Deep-Sea Res. II 48, 1567–1582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oschlies, A. and Garçon, V. (1999). An eddy-permitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic 1. Sensitivity to advection numerics and mixed layer physics. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 135–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J.R. and Totterdell, I.J. (2001). Production and export in a global ocean ecosystem model. Deep-Sea Res. I 48, 1169–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passioura, J.B. (1996). Simulation models: Science, snake oil, education or engineering? Agron. J. 88, 690–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passow, U., Shipe, R.F., Murray, A., Pak, D.K., Brzezinski, M.A. and Alldredge, A.L. (2001). Origin of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and their role in sedimentation of particulate matter. Cont. Shelf Res. 21, 327–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, BJ and Melilo, JM (1985). The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere. Tellus 37B: 117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plattner, G.-K., Joos, F., Stocker, T.F. and Marchal, O. (2001). Feedback mechanisms and sensitivities of ocean carbon uptake under global warming. Tellus B 53, 564–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popova, E.E., Ryabchenko, V.A. and Fasham, M.J.R. (2000). Biological pump and vertical mixing in the Southern Ocean: Their impact on atmospheric CO2. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 477–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redfield, A.C., Ketchum, B.H. and Richards, F.A. (1963). The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water. In The Sea, vol. 2 (ed. M.N. Hill). Interscience, New York, pp. 26–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J.F. and Acock, B. (1985). Predicting the response of plants to increasing carbon dioxide: A critique of plant growth models. Ecol. Modell. 29, 107–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riebesell, U., Zondervan, I., Rost, B., Tortell, P.D., Zeebe, R.E. and Morel, F.M.M. (2000). Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407, 364–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riebesell, U., Zondervan, I., Bjorn, R. and Zeebe, R.E. (2001). Effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on phytoplankton communities and the biological carbon pump. Global Change Newsletter 47, 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, J., Prieto, L. and Ortegón, F. (2002). Diatom aggregate formation and fluxes: a modelling analysis under different size-resolution schemes and with empirically determined aggregation kernels. Deep-Sea Res. I49, 495–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryabchenko, V.A., Gorchakov, V.A. and Fasham, M.J.R. (1998). Seasonal dynamics of biological productivity in the Arabian Sea euphotic zone as simulated by a threedimensional ecosystem model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 501–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabine, C.L. and Mackenzie, F.T. (1991). Oceanic sinks for anthropogenic CO2. Int. J. Energy Environ. Econ. 1, 119–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., Kustka, A.B., Gobler, C.J., Hutchins, D.A., Yang, M., Lwiza, K., Burns, J., Capone, D.G., Raven, J.A. and Carpenter, E.J. (2001). Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean. Nature 411, 66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento, J.L, Orr, J.C. and Siegenthaler, U. (1992). A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 3621–3645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento, J.L., Slater, R.D., Fasham, M.J.R., Ducklow, H.W., Toggweiler, J.R. and Evans, G.T. (1993). A seasonal three-dimensional ecosystem model of nitrogen cycling in the North Atlantic euphotic zone. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 417–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento, JL, and Le Quéré, C. (1996). Ocean carbon dioxide uptake in a model of centuryscale global warming. Science 274, 1346–1350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegenthaler, U. (1983). Uptake of excess CO2 by an outcrop-diffusion model of the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 3599–3608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Six, K.D. and Maier-Reimer, E. (1996). Effects of plankton dynamics on seasonal carbon fluxes in an ocean general circulation model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 559–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sondergaard, M., Williams, P.J. le B., Cauwet, G., Riemann, B., Robinson, C., Terzic, S., Woodward, E.M.S. and Worm, J. (2000). Net accumulation and flux of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen in marine plankton communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 1097–1111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, T.F. and Schmittner, A. (1997). Influence of CO2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature 388, 862–865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stouffer, R.J. and Manabe, S. (1999). Response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: sensitivity to the rate of increase. J. Clim. 12, 2224–2237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suess, E. (1980). Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans — surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature 288, 260–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamburini, C., Garcia, J., Ragot, M. and Bianchi, A. (2002). Biopolymer hydrolysis and bacterial production under ambient hydrostatic pressure through a 2000 m water column in the NW Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 2109–2123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A.H., Colebrook, J.M., Stephens, J.A. and Baker, N.G. (1992). Latitudinal displacements of the Gulf Stream and the abundance of plankton in the north-east Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 72, 919–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A.H., Allen, J.I. and Clark, P.A. (2002). Extraction of a weak climatic signal by an ecosystem. Nature 416, 629–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teira, E., Pazó, M.J., Serret, P. and Fernández, E. (2001). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production by microbial populations in the Atlantic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 1370–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H., Ittekkot, V., Osterroht, C. and Schneider, B. (1999). Preferential recycling of nutrients — the ocean’s way to increase new production and to pass nutrient limitation? Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 1999–2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torten, P.D. (2000). Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on carbon acquisition in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 744–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turley, C.M. and Mackie, P.J. (1994). Biogeochemical significance of attached and freeliving bacteria and the flux of particles in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 115, 119–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, T. and Taylor, A.H. (1995). Latitudinal and seasonal variations in carbon dioxide and oxygen in the northeast Atlantic and the effects on Emiliania huxleyi and other phytoplankton. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 585–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, T. and Taylor, A.H. (1996). A modelling study of Emiliania huxleyi in the NE Atlantic. J. Mar. Syst. 9, 83–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM and Howarth RW (1991) Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13, 87–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P.M. et al. (2002). Towards an ecological understanding of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry 57/58, 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volk T., and Hoffert, M.I. (1985). Ocean carbon pumps: Analysis of relative strengths and efficiencies in ocean-driven atmospheric CO2 changes. Geophys. Monogr., 32, 99–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson AJ, Bakker DCE, Ridgwell AJ and Law CS (2000). Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for glacial atmospheric CO2. Nature 407: 730–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, M.L., Price, N.M. and Bruland, K.W. (1995). Iron chemistry in seawater and its relationship to phytoplankton: a workshop report. Mar. Chem. 48, 157–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A.W. and Van Valen, L.M. (1990). Paradox lost? On the release of energy-rich compounds by phytoplankton. Mar. Microb. Food Webs 4, 103–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wroblewski, J.S., Sarmiento, J.L. and Flierl, G.R. (1988). An ocean basin scale model of plankton dynamics in the North Atlantic. 1. Solutions for the climatological oceanographic conditions in May. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 199–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka, Y. and Tajika, E. (1996). The role of vertical fluxes of particulate organic matter and calcite in the oceanic carbon cycle: Studies using an ocean biogeochemical general circulation model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 361–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziveri, P., Broerse, A.T.C., van Hinte, J.E., Westbroek, P. and Honjo, S. (2000). The fate of coccoliths at 48°N 21°W, northeastern Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II 47, 1853–1875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondervan, I., Zeebe, R.E., Rost, B. and Riebesell, U. (2001). Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: a negative feedback on rising atmospheric pCO2. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 507–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zondervan, I., Rost, B. and Riebesell, U. (2002). Effect of CO2 concentration on the PIC/POC ratio in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi grown under light-limiting conditions and different daylengths. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 272, 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK

    T. R. Anderson & I. J. Totterdell

Authors
  1. T. R. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. I. J. Totterdell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Mick Follows

  2. Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Turkey

    Temel Oguz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this paper

Cite this paper

Anderson, T.R., Totterdell, I.J. (2004). Modelling the Response of the Biological Pump to Climate Change. In: Follows, M., Oguz, T. (eds) The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate. NATO Science Series, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-2086-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2087-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation