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What are Economic Sanctions?

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Do Economic Sanctions Work?

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Abstract

Economic sanctions take a variety of forms, ranging from a mere refusal to renew trade agreements to a total export and import embargo. Therefore, any attempt to address the subject necessarily requires delimitation of the scope of the study by advancing a satisfactory definition of the term ‘economic sanctions’.

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Notes

  1. A general definition of sanctions containing similar elements is given by Hans Kelsen in Collective Security under International Law (Washington, DC, 1957), p. 101.

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  2. A very useful account of positive and negative sanctions in society is to be found in A.R. Radcliff-Brown, ‘Sanctions, Social’, Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1934), Vol. 13, pp. 531–4.

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  3. A similar definition is offered by J. Galtung in ‘On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions’, World Politics, Vol. XIX, No. 3 (April 1967), p. 379.

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  4. Max Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929–1941 (London, 1949), Vol. 1, p. 35.

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  5. Rita F. Taubenfield and Howard J. Taubenfield, ‘The Economic Weapon: the League of Nations’, American Society of International Law, 1946, p. 185;

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  6. Royal Institute of International Affairs, International Sanctions (London, 1938), pp. 1–205;

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  7. William N. Medlicott, The Economic Blockade, Vol. 1 (London, 1952), pp. 475–99;

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  8. Richard Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia 1894–1943 (London, 1979);

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  9. Donald L. Losman, ‘The Effects of Economic Sanctions’, Lloyd’s Bank Review, October 1972.

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  10. Gunnar Adler-Karlsson, Western Economic Warfare 1947–1967: A Case Study in Foreign Economic Policy (Stockholm, 1968) gives a comprehensive account.

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  11. Robert Owen Freedman, Economic Warfare in the Communist Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure Against Yugoslavia, Albania, and Communist China (New York, 1970), Chapter 2;

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  12. Barry Farrell, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union 1948–1956 (Hamden, Conn., 1956);

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  13. D.J. Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law, 2nd edn (London, 1979), p. 775;

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  14. Paul Y. Hammond, Cold War and Detente: The American Foreign Policy Process since 1945 (New York, 1975), pp. 101–4.

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  15. Raimo Väyrynen, ‘A Case Study of Sanctions: Finland-the Soviet Union in 1958–59’, Co-operation and Conflict (Nordic Studies in International Politics, March 1969);

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  16. Anna P. Schreiber, ‘Economic Coercion as an Instrument of Foreign Policy’, World Politics, Vol. XXV No. 3 (April 1973), pp. 387–413;

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  17. Alexander Eckstein, Communist China’s Economic Growth and Foreign Trade (New York, 1966), Chapter 5.

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  18. The economic sanctions are counted a success by R.St.J. MacDonald in ‘The Organization of American States in Action’, University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1964), p. 370;

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  19. Jerome Slater, Intervention and Negotiation: The United States and the Dominican Revolution (New York, 1970).

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  20. Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, ‘Destination Embargo of Arab Oil: Its Legality under International Law’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 68, No. 4 (October 1974), pp. 591–629;

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  21. James Barber and Michael Spicer, ‘Sanctions against South Africa — Options for the West’, World Politics, April 1967, gives the background to the sanctions.

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  22. Report of a Committee of Privy Councillors, Falkland Islands Review (‘Franks Report’) (London, 1983).

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  23. Muriel J. Grieve treats this case as a typical example of economic pressure in ‘Economic Sanctions Theory and Practice’, International Relations (David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies), Vol. III, No. 6 (October 1968), p. 434.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Russian Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan

    Makio Miyagawa (Deputy Director)

Authors
  1. Makio Miyagawa
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© 1992 Makio Miyagawa

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Miyagawa, M. (1992). What are Economic Sanctions?. In: Do Economic Sanctions Work?. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22400-5_2

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