Abstract
When an acquaintance in Dar es Salaam invited me to visit her family in an ujamaa (communal) village, I jumped at the opportunity. Hemmed in by the Indian Ocean on one side and groves of mango trees, coconut palms, jackfruit (which resemble large basketballs) and the infamous durian plant, with its succulent pulp of fine flavour but skunk-like smell, on the other, we careered southwards for 100 miles along a washboard road to the Rufiji River. There we navigated inland over a series of dirt paths until we reached our destination: numerous clumps of neat, thatched huts nestled astride the river bank.
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Notes and References
A penetrating essay on human agency, on which I have drawn, is Alan Gilbert, ‘Democracy and Individuality,’ Social Philosophy and Policy, 3(2) Spring 1986, pp. 19–58.
Some of the material on Mauritania is borrowed from ‘Drought Turns Nomads’ World Upside Down’, New York Times, 3 March 1985
Mauritania ‘Poorer Nations Get Poorer as Recession Eases’, Africa News, 21(13) 26 September 1983, p. 6.
The sentences quoted from V. S. Naipaul can be found in The Return of Eva Peron (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980) p. 141
V. S. Naipaul A Bend in the River (New York: Vintage Books, 1979) p. 27.
See the commentary by Aristide Zolberg, ‘Frantz Fanon — A Gospel for the Damned’, Encounter, 27 (5) November 1966, pp. 56–63.
Garrett Hardin’s views are set forth in his ‘Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor’, Psychology Today, 8(4) 8 September 1974, pp. 38ff.
Seminal work on the ‘objective problem’ is Celso Furtado, Accumulation and Development: The Logic of Industrial Civilization, trans Suzette Macedo (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1983);
Celso Furtado, No to Recession and Unemployment: An Examination of the Brazilian Economic Crisis (London: Third World Foundation, 1984);
Peter Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), especially pp. 80–1.
Data on arms sales are derived from the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, North-South: A Program for Survival (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980) p. 117; ‘Cost-Effective Job Creation’, and ‘The Third World Limits Its Arsenals’, articles in the New York Times on 22 September 1982, and 18 March 1984, respectively.
Keynes’s comment appears in The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Activities 1939–1945; Internal War Finance, ed. Donald Moggridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) vol. 22, p. 149. Seymour Melman summarizes his research findings in ‘Looting the Means of Production’, New York Times, 7 October 1980.
I have borrowed information on the NICs from Stephan Haggard and Chung-in Moon, ‘The South Korean State in the International Economy: Liberal, Dependent, or Mercantile?’, in Ruggie (ed.), The Antinomies of Interdependence: National Welfare and the International Development of Labor (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), especially, pp. 132–41 and 185–9.
Extensive research on capitalist development in Japan has been carried out by Jon Halliday, A Political History of Japanese Capitalism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978).
On restructuring ties with the world order, see Furtado, Accumulation and Development, pp. 115; 118, and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) p. 10.
The strategy of managing the ties of dependency is assessed by Robert W. Cox, ‘Production and Hegemony: Toward a Political Economy of World Order’, in Harold K. Jacobson and Dusan Sidjanski (eds), The Emerging International Order: Dynamic Processes, Constraints and Opportunities (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982) pp. 54–6
André Tiano, La dialectique de la dépendance: Analyse des relations économiques et financières internationales (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1977) pp. 402–6.
The concept ‘war of position’ is developed by Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, trans and ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), passim.
Much of my information on oil is derived from Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped (New York: Bantam Books, 1976);
Jack Anderson, with James Boyd, Fiasco (New York: Times Books, 1983);
Jack Anderson, with James Boyd, ‘Energy Upheaval: Questions about OPEC, Past and Future’, New York Times, 3 October 1983.
On the leverage of Western banks, see ‘Acting to Avert Debtor Cartel’, New York Times, 20 June 1984, and Joan Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979) p. 132.
Cuba’s policy toward the pharamaceuticals is described by Mike Muller, The Health of Nations: An Investigation of the Pharmaceutical Industry’s Exploitation of the Third World for Profit (London: Faber & Faber, 1982), especially p. 65
Luis R. Capo, ‘International Drug Procurement and Market Intelligence: Cuba’, World Development, 11 (3) November 1983, pp. 217–22.
My discussion of an alternative to the IMF model of accumulation relies very heavily on John Loxley, ‘IMF and World Bank Conditionality and Sub-Saharan Africa’ (mimeo, n.d.). A compelling critique of Clive Thomas, Dependence and Transformation: The Economics of the Transition to Socialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974) has been developed by Andrew Coulson (mimeo, Department of Economics, University of Dares Salaam, n.d.).
The argument about the division of labour in agriculture is presented in Kevin Danaher, Myths of African Hunger (San Francisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1985) p. 2.
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© 1988 James H. Mittelman
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Mittelman, J.H. (1988). What Works in the Third World?. In: Out from Underdevelopment. Macmillan International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19307-3_8
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