Abstract
By far the most ambitious experiment in international organisation was the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC) by the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957. The EEC was remarkable for many reasons — its proposed supranational character, for instance — but perhaps its unlikeliest feature was its membership, six states who had a centuries-long tradition of mutual hostility. At first the achievements of the Community amongst such former enemies gave rise to hopes that it might serve as a model for integration in other regions. But eventually it became clear that the EEC’s origins lay in a unique coincidence of circumstances which not only could not be repeated elsewhere but which, as their impact became diluted by time, were insufficient to sustain the urgency of the momentum towards union in Europe itself.
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References
For the text of Monnet’s memorandum, see R. Vaughan, Postwar Integration in Europe (London, 1976) pp. 51–6.
R. C. Mowatt, Creating the European Community (London, 1973) p. 57.
Vaughan, Post-war Integration pp. 94–106.
Ibid., pp. 16–20.
Churchill was actually accused by the prominent Italian federalist Altiero Spinelli of making his speech with the ‘clever and cynical’ aim of enabling the British to take over the leadership of the European movement, ‘which they would guide so as to make sure a real union would never be achieved’. A. Spinelli, The Growth of the European Movement since World War II’, in M. Hodges (ed.), European Integration (London, 1972) pp. 58–9. This, however, ignores the fact that Churchill was not in power when he made this speech, which was designed to encourage union in continental Europe, of which Churchill did not feel Britain was part.
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Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation (London, 1970), p. 341; Konrad Adenauer, Memoirs, 1945–53 (London, 1966) pp. 199–206.
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Ibid.
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See Chapter Six.
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Ibid., p. 7.
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Ibid., pp. 273–8.
For a discussion of the allied conflict over German rearmament, see R. McGeehan, The German Rearmament Question (Chicago, 1971).
Mowatt, Creating the European Community p. 127.
Ibid., pp. 128–30.
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W. Pickles, ‘Political Power in the European Community’, in C. A. Cosgrove and K. J. Twitchett (eds), The New International Actors (London, 1970) pp. 201–21.
Monnet’s speech on this theme in May 1962 is quoted in Mowatt, Creating the European Community pp. 154–5.
G. Ionescu, The New Politics of European Integration (London, 1972).
The Commission’s recommendations on speeding up the implementation of the Rome Treaty are in The Bulletin of the European Economic Community (BEEC) (March 1960) pp. 14–24.
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See Macmillan’s statement to the House of Commons at the time of Britain’s application, BEEC (September-October 1961) pp. 8–10.
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Merging the Communities had first been proposed in 1959 by the Belgian Foreign Minister, Pierre Wigny. BEEC (April 1965) p. 11.
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BEEC (April 1965) p. 7.
Ibid., p. 8.
J. B. Duroselle, ‘General de Gaulle’s Europe and Jean Monnet’s Europe’, The World Today (January 1966).
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Supplement to BEEC (January 1969). Interestingly, after his retirement Dr Mansholt changed his views on agricultural reform, becoming converted to the argument that, although inefficient in some respects, small farming units were preferable because they kept people in employment in a situation where alternative work might not be available and also because they caused less ecological damage. The Common Agricultural Policy, Some New Thinking From Dr Sicco Mansholt pamphlet published by the Soil Association (August 1979).
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London, 1973.
Ibid., pp. 48–54.
Ibid., pp. 68–85.
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© 1982 David Armstrong
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Armstrong, D. (1982). The European Community. In: The Rise of the International Organisation: A Short History. The Making of the 20th Century. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16010-5_4
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