Abstract
The German state was formed by a process of politics and war and that is what I will focus upon in this chapter, although economic and cultural matters will be introduced when relevant. I will continue to look at events on the four levels of Europe, Germany, Austria and Prussia, in each case considering three phases: the origins, pattern and outcome of the wars between Germany and Denmark, Austria and Prussia, and France and Germany. (In the last phase France replaces Austria in the account.)
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Bibliography
W. Carr, The Wars of German Unification (London, 1991). Focuses on war and diplomacy and is a good, recent introduction to the subject.
W. E. Mosse, The European Great Powers and the German Question 1848–1871 (Cambridge, 1958). Still an authoritative study, especially for British and Russian policy.
F. R. Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy among the Great Powers 1815–1918 (Oxford, 1990) A good summary of Austrian policy and action through the period.
L. Gall, Bismarck: the White Revolutionary, 2 vols (London, 1986). This is a superb modern critical biography, full of reflection and analysis. Vol. I covers the period to 1871.
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L. D. Steefel, The Schleswig-Holstein Question (Cambridge, Mass., 1932). The classic diplomatic account.
G. Craig, The Battle of Königgrätz (London, 1965). Still the standard and authoritative account.
W. S. Halperin, ‘The Origins of the Franco-Prussian war revisited: Bismarck and the Hohenzollern candidature for the Spanish throne’, Journal of Modern History, 45 (1973), 83–91 is a useful review of the debate.
M. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871 (London, 1961). The authoritative study of the war.
F. Eyck, The Frankfurt Parliament 1848–49 (London, 1968). Best English language study of the German National Assembly of 1848–9.
D. Düding, ‘The nineteenth-century German nationalist movement as a movement of societies’, in H. Schulze (ed.), Nation-building in Central Europe (Leamington Spa, 1987), pp. 19–49. Summary of his German monograph [see 179 below] on the subject.
M. Hughes, Nationalism and Society in Germany 1800–1945 (London, 1988). A debunking approach to the role of nationalism in modern German politics.
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© 1996 John Breuilly
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Breuilly, J. (1996). Processes. In: The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871. Studies in European History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11719-2_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11719-2_4
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