Abstract
During the crucial period of three years (1989–91) which witnessed the unravelling of the Soviet Union, Pakistan was primarily preoccupied with Afghanistan and its own internal political dynamics. After General Zia died in an aircrash in August 1988, elections were held in November 1988 and Benazir Bhutto, leader of Pakistan’s People’s Party, became Prime Minister. After nearly twenty chaotic months of her centrist government, she was dismissed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in the first week of August 1990. An interim government under Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi was installed, which organized new elections. The Islamic Democratic Alliance’s (IDI) Chief Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was elected Prime Minister in November 1990.
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Notes
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Address to the National Defence College, (Rawalpindi: 16 June 1991; personal copy), p. 11.
Brian Hooks, ed., The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 222.
Andrew D.W. Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 10.
Gunner Jarring, Return to Kashgar, trans. Eva Glaeson (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986). Jarring has suggested that in the 1970s ‘books are once again printed in the old Arabic script. The Latin script seems to be used mainly in official publications’, p. 239.
For these proposals and analyses of other prospects see a collective endeavour of Khalid Waheed, Khalid Aziz, Abdul Majid Khan, Tariq Rahim and Najam Abbas, Selected Papers From Workshops for the Study of Central Asia, Khalid Waheed, ed. (Rawalpindi: 1990), pp. 7–10 ff.
Edward Allworth (ed.), Tatars of the Crimea (Durham: Duke University Press, 1988), p. 3. After the conquest of Kazan in 1552, ‘the Russian state pursued the policy of national integration that meant conversion to Christianity and cultural assimilation’.
Azade-Ayse Rorlich, The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), p. 38.
Khalid Waheed (ed.), Central Asia Selected Papers (Islamabad: Pakistan Central Asia Friendship Society, September 1990), p. 47.
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© 1994 Hafeez Malik
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Malik, H. (1994). Emergence of Central Asia: Post-Soviet Dynamics. In: Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10573-1_13
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