Abstract
General purpose machine tools are widely used in almost every industrial sector in the USSR, as in the Western industrialised economies, to produce engineering components in unit, small batch and medium batch production conditions. The basic requirement of any general purpose machine tool, assuming that it has adequate overall capacity, is its capability to produce components of the required accuracy. This capability depends, in its turn, on the precision with which major elements can be moved and positioned in relation to one another. Standards relating to machine tool quality, therefore, specify relevant tests and acceptable tolerances of error for the alignment of those major elements from which the machine tool is constructed.1
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Notes and References
The majority of these tests were originally developed by the German engineer, G. Schlesinger (Testing Machine Tools; Machinery; London; 1966) and the French engineer P. Salmon (Machines — Outils, Reception Verifications; H. Francois et fils; Paris; Fourth edition), and subsequently modified and adopted by individual companies, certain national standards organisations (including the Soviet All-Union Committee of Standardisation from 1940 onwards, and the British Standards Institution from 1970 onwards) and the International Standards Organisation. They are frequently referred to as alignment tests, or geometric tests, and include specifications of the tests, to be carried out, and maximum tolerances of alignment error for each test. In addition, accuracy requirements for a sample finished workpiece are also specified.
See Hill, M. R., Standardisation Policy and Practice in the Soviet Machine Tool Industry, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 1970.
In 1965, for example, turning machines, including turret and capstan lathes, accounted for almost 30 per cent of total Soviet machine tool output for that year, while milling machines accounted for 12 per cent of total Soviet machine tool output (see Oznobin N. M. et al., Sovershen-stvovanie struktury promyshlennogo proizvodstva (1968) p. 136,
quoted in M. J. Berry, Research, Development and Innovation in the Soviet Machine Tool Industry, unpublished research report, Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham (1974), pp. B7–B9.
The 400mm swing 1K62 centre lathe selected for comparison, and its variants, were produced in qualities of 13 000 per year (i.e. more than 50 per cent of the total turning machine output, and hence some 12–15 per cent of the total Soviet output in 1965, using Oznobin’s previously cited proportions combined with a total 1965 output figure of 186 130) (Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR v 1968 godu (1969); p. 257). The output of the 6M82 range, also chosen for comparison, was more difficult to estimate however. Production planning data quoted in V. A. Anufriev et al., Krupnoseriinoe proizvodstvo frezernykh stankov (1965) suggest that a total of 10 machines of the 6M82 and 6M83 (1600 × 400mm table sized machines) were produced daily (i.e. 3000 machines annually).
The only British Standards which related to machine tool accuracy that were published at that time were BS 3800: 1964, which specified methods for testing the accuracy of machine tools, and a set of four standards specifying the accuracy requirements of gear cutting machines (BS 1498: 1954; BS 3013: 1958; BS3329: 1961; BS 3538: 1962).
Berry, M. J., Hill, M. R., ‘Technological Level and Quality of Machine Tools and Passenger Cars’, in Amann, R., Cooper, J. M., Davies, R. W. (eds), The Technological Level of Soviet Industry (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977) pp. 530–63.
See definitions in: Lockyer, K. G., Factory and Production Management (London: Pitman 1974) pp. 50–64;
Juran, J. M., Gryna, F. M., Quality Planning and Analysis (New York: McGraw Hill, 1970) pp. 1–4;
L’vov, D. S. in Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Institut Ekonomiki, Ekonomicheskie problemy povysheniya kachestva promyshlennoi produktsii (Moscow: Nauka, 1969) pp. 7–8.
See Berry and Hill (1977).
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© 1988 Malcolm R. Hill and Richard McKay
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Hill, M.R., McKay, R. (1988). General Purpose Machine Tool Type Standards. In: Soviet Product Quality. Studies in Soviet History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09290-1_2
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