Abstract
The process of political succession at the level of the formal political elite may in general be placed in one or other of three categories:
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1.
governmental succession, where a peaceful transfer of power is effected from one portion of the elite to another, or, depending on circumstances and matters of definition, from one elite to another, within the framework of an authoritative set of rules;
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2.
regime succession, where a portion of the elite or a counter-elite captures power by means of a (not necessarily violent) coup, in which the new rulers provide an alternative constitutional framework to justify their accession to power;
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3.
state succession, where a regional counter-elite captures power from the traditional elite of the centre.
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Notes
For accounts of the evolution of nationalist movements in the countries in question see E. Jutikkala, A History of Finland (London: Thames and Hudson, 1962)
J. H. Jackson, Estonia (London: George Allen and Unwin, 2nd edn, 1948)
Alfred Bilmanis, A History of Latvia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951)
Alfred Erich Senn, The Emergence of Modern Lithuania (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959)
C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969)
F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (London: Collins/Fontana, rev. edn, 1973).
On developments around the period of independence see the works cited in note 2 and also D. G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century: A history and an interpretation (London: C. Hurst, 1979)
Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The years of independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 1917–1940 (London: C. Hurst, 1970)
Malbone W. Graham, New Governments of Eastern Europe (New York: Henry Holt, 1927)
Victor S. Mamatey and Radomir Luza (eds), A History of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918–1948 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973).
On the most obvious area of external intervention see Stanley W. Page, The Formation of the Baltic States: A study of the effects of great power politics upon the emergence of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959).
Andrew Ezergailis, The 1917 Revolution in Latvia (Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly, 1974).
Calculated from O. H. Radkey, The Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950) pp. 78–80.
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© 1987 Peter Calvert
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Coakley, J. (1987). Political Succession during the Transition to Independence: Evidence from Europe. In: Calvert, P. (eds) The Process of Political Succession. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08978-9_3
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