Abstract
Cross-cultural research (by Witkin and Berry, 1975; Berry, 1976 and others) indicates that culture group members tend to share similar cognitive style. Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough and Karp (1974) demonstrated that individual differences in the field-dependence/-independence cognitive continuum are associated with different socialisation norms of ‘social traditionalism’. Extended patriarchal structures, strict obedience to parental authority, emphasis on conformity and restriction of emotional autonomy tend to be associated with field-dependence and limited psychological differentiation. Conversely, encouragement of autonomous functioning is associated with development of a more field-independent cognitive style (Witkin, Goodenough and Oltman, 1979). At the same time, the evidence summarised in Witkin et al. (1979), suggests that field-dependent people favour social as opposed to solitary situations, and are also more effective in social situations than are field-independent people. A person’s cognitive style with respect to field-independence/-dependence is thus associated with emotional (and social) independence/dependence.
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© 1988 Gajendra K. Verma and Christopher Bagley
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Shand, N., Kosawa, Y., Decelles, P. (1988). Prenatal Cognitive Measures and Maternal Physical Contact in Japan and America. In: Verma, G.K., Bagley, C. (eds) Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality, Attitudes and Cognition. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_7
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