Abstract
The years of struggle with the Trotsky-Zinoviev opposition, despite the stresses of the conflict, were a period of relative tranquility in Stalin’s personal life. He had been impoverished for his first forty-odd years. At the end of the civil war his run-down physical condition required an extended rest-cure, which, along with a more settled life, seems to have done him a lot of good. Up until this time photographs show him as wiry, even undernourished, but by 1922 he had put on a becoming amount of weight and looked healthier, better suited for the handsome public relations photographs of his political campaign.
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Notes
S. Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend (New York, 1967 ) 26–7, 31.
K. E. Baffles, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin ( Princeton, NJ, 1978 ) 69–94;
P. Reiman, Die Geburt des Stalinismus (Frankfurt am Main, 1979), 69–94;
N. Krylenko (ed.), Ekonomischeskaia kontrrevoliutsiia v Donbasse (Moscow, 1928 ).
A. Nove, An Economic History of the U.S.S.R. ( Harmondsworth, Middx., 1972 ) 150.
W, XI, 5–6, 389–90. N. I. Nemakov, Kommunisticheskaia Partiia — Organizator massovogo kolkhoznogo dvizheniia 1929–1932 (Moscow, 1966) 25, concerning lists of party officials dispatched on these missions.
In general, see S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York, 1973).
BKM, 83–5. The authenticity of this document, from the Trotsky archive, is sustained by the Soviet writer F. M. Vaganov, Pravyi uklon v VKP(b) i ego razgrom (Moscow, 1977) 59, 173, 224–5.
R. W. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution ( Cambridge, Mass., 1960 ) 341–4;
E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, A History of Soviet Russia. The Foundations of a Planned Economy (New York, 1967–1978), II, 61–2.
RDCPSU, II, 358; Shestnadtsataia konferentsiia VKP(b), aprel’ 1929 g.: Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow, 1962) 318; W, XII, 123, 402; R. H. McNeal (ed.), Stalin’s Works. An Annotated Bibliography (Stanford, Calif., 1967) 136.
P, 20 June 1929; N. A. Ivnitsky, Klassovaia bor’ba v derevne i likvidatsiia kulachestva kak klassa (1929–1932) (Moscow, 1972) 77, 298. This work is an apologia for Soviet agrarian policy as well as a serious scholarly contribution, and it may understate the extent of evictions. The relevant point here is the attribution of 10 per cent of all evictions to the year 1929, before the announcement of high-level policy on the matter. Narkiewicz (1961) 24, lists three districts that had achieved 70, 40 and 25 per cent collectivization, respectively, by September 1929.
A. Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet Rule (Cambridge, Mass., 1958) 180, provides another example of lower-level radical initiative.
Among articles that assert this without any specific evidence, V. A. Abramov, ‘O rabote komissii Politbiuro Ts K VKP(b) po voprose sploshnoi kollektivizatsii’, Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1964) 33.
Ivnitsky (1972) 87–92; M. A. Vyltsan, N. A. Ivnitsky, Yu. A. Poliakov, ‘Nekotorye problemy istorii kollektivizatsii v SSSR’, Voprosy istorii, no. 3 (1965) 4–5; Abramov (1964) 33;
N. A. Ivnitsky, ‘O nachal’nom etape sposhnoi kollektivizatsii’, Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 4 (1962) 57–9;
L. Bogdenko, ‘For a History of the Initial Stage of the Solid Collectivization of Agriculture in the USSR’, Current Digest of the Soviet Press, no. 36 (1963) 5.
N. A. Ivnitsky, ‘Istoriia podgotovki postanovleniia Ts K VKP(b) o tempakh kollektivizatsii sel’skogo khoziaistva of 5 Ianvaria 1930 g.’, in Istokovedenie istorii sovetskogo obshchestva (Moscow, 1964) 265–88; Bogdenko (1965) 5; Abramov (1964) 33–5, 40; RDCPSU, III, 40–3.
W, XII, 185–9; RDCPSU, III, 47–50; J. Haslam, Soviet Foreign Policy, 1930–33 (New York, 1983 ), 121–2.
Nove (1972) 179; M. Matthews, Class and Society in Soviet Russia (London, 1972 ) 53–7.
R. Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow (New York, 1986) 215–330 (on the estimated famine deaths, p. 303).
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© 1988 Robert H. McNeal
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McNeal, R.H. (1988). Kulaks. In: Stalin. St Antony’s. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07461-7_7
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