Abstract
This is an abridged version of a larger paper, ‘Growth and Integration in the Austro-Hungarian Economy, 1867–1914’, Working Paper No. 31, Temple University, revised 1978, which contains a more detailed description of the methodology, data and data sources. My thanks to Temple University for generous financial support for this project and to Robert Billinger, Scott Eddie, Rainer Fremdling, Edward Hewett, Thomas Huertas, Franklin Mendels, Zora Pryor, Hugh Rockoff, Gene Smiley, William Stull and Martin Wolfe for very helpful comments on earlier drafts.
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Notes
For example, theoretical and empirical issues of regional economic development are discussed within the context of present day Europe and the United States in A. J. Brown and E. M. Burrows, Regional Economic Problems: Comparative Experiences in Some Market Economies (London, 1977). See also the articles in ‘Problems of Regional Economic Development’, The American Economic Review, 68 (1978) pp. 99–117, and ‘Strangers at the Feast: A Survey of the Development Regions of the EEC’, The Economist, 25 January, 1975.
For a useful compendium of the conflicting opinion on the viability of the Habsburg Monarchy see Harold J. Gordon and Nancy M. Gordon (eds.), The Austrian Empire: Abortive Federation? (Lexington, MA, 1974).
This distinction is made by Richard Cooper in his ‘Worldwide versus Regional Integration: Is There an Optimum Size of an Integrated Area?’ in Fritz Machlup, ed., Economic Integration: Worldwide, Regional, Sectoral (London, 1976) pp. 42–3, and by Fritz Machlup in his A History of Thought on Economic Integration (New York, 1977) pp. 16–24.
These models are summarised in Harry Richardson, Regional Economic Growth Theory (New York, 1973) pp. 22–9.
Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions (London, 1957) p. 27.
Jeffrey Williamson, ‘Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns’. Economic Development and Cultural Change, XIII (1965) 3–10.
Oscar Jaszi, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961) pp. 210 and 212.
Nachum Gross, ‘The Industrial Revolution in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1870–1914’, in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe, IV, 1 (London, 1973) pp. 241–2.
The negative aspects of economic forces in Habsburg unity is stressed by other scholars. See, for example, Krisztina Fink, ‘Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie als Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft’ in Südosteuropa-Schriften, IX (1968) p. 2;
Jurij Krizek, ‘Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entstehung und des Einflusses des Finanzkapitals in der Habsburgermonarchie in der Jahren 1900–1914’, in Die Frage der Finanzkapitals in der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie 1900–1918 (Bucharest, 1965), pp. 5–52; and
Hans Rosenberg, Grosse Depression und Bismarckzeit (Berlin, 1967) pp. 227–52.
Friedrich Hertz, Economic Problem of the Danubian States (London, 1947) pp. 41, 49–51.
William Ashworth, ‘Typologies and Evidence: Has Nineteenth-Century Europe a Guide to Economic Growth?’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XXX (1977) 79.
The positive role of economic forces is also emphasised by Heinrich Benedikt, Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in der Franz-Joseph-Zeit (Vienna, 1958);
William A. Jenks, ‘Economics, Constitutionalism, Administrative Class Structure’, Austrian History Yearbook, III, 1 (1967) 46; and
Andrew Whiteside, ‘The Germans as an Integrative Force in Imperial Austria: The Dilemma of Dominance’, Austrian History Yearbook, III, 1 (1967) 168. Others have taken a more intermediate position.
See Eduard März, ‘Einige Besonderheiten in der Entwicklung der österreichischen Volkswirtschaft in 19. Jahrhundert’, Sozialwissenschaftliche Annalen, I (1977) 87–107;
Péter Hanák, ‘Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy’, Austrian History Yearbook, III, 1 (1967) 281–4, 299–302, and
György Ranki, ‘Comments’, Austrian History Yearbook, III (1967) 68.
On early industrialisation in the Alpine provinces see Ferdinand Tremel, Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeschichte Osterreichs (Vienna, 1969) pp. 230–80.
For the Czech Crownlands see Herman Freudenberger, ‘Industrialisation in Bohemia and Moravia in the Eighteenth Century’, Journal of Central European Affairs, XIX (1960) 347–56, and
Arnost Klima, ‘Industrial Development in Bohemia, 1648–1781’, Past and Present, XI (1957) 87–99.
George Macesich, ‘Theory of Economic Integration and Experience of the Balkan and Danubian Countries Before 1914’, Florida State University Slavic Papers, I (1967) p. 13.
Scott Eddie, ‘The Terms and Patterns of Hungarian Foreign Trade’, Journal of Economic History, XXXVII (1977) 334–6 and 350–1.
György Szabad, ‘Das Anwachsen der Ausgleichstendenenz der Produktenpreise in Habsburgerreich um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts’, in V. Sandor and P. Hanák (eds), Studien zur Geschichte der österreichischungarischen Monarchie (Budapest, 1961) pp. 213–37.
Austrian estimate from my ‘Stagnation and Take-Off in Austria, 1873–1913’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XXVII (1974) 81, and my The Great Depression and Austrian Growth After 1873’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XXXI (1978) p. 293. Hungarian estimate from László Katus, ‘Economic Growth in Hungary During the Age of Dualism (1867–1913)’, in E. Pamlényi (ed.), Social-Economic Researches on the History of East-Central Europe (Budapest, 1970), Table 49.
For Austria the estimate is based on Richard Rudolph, Banking and Industrialization in Austria-Hungary (New York, 1976) p. 11, and his ‘The Pattern of Austrian Industrial Growth from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century’, Austrian History Yearbook, XI (1975), Table 1. For Hungary the estimates are from Katus, ‘Economic Growth’, pp. 5–57 (see Note 26, above).
My thanks to Dr Kausel for transmitting this estimate in private correspondence. Toussaint Hocevar cites estimates of NNP per head in Slovenia for 1880 and 1913 made by Ivo Vinski in a 1959 study. See Hocevar’s The Structure of the Slovenian Economy (1848–1963) (New York, 1965). The 1880 estimate was derived simply by assuming that the Slovenian economy grew from 1880 to 1913 at the same rate as Germany (1.4 per cent) so the figure cannot be taken seriously.
The data for India are from John Hurd, ‘Railways and the Expansion of Markets in India, 1861–1921’, Exploration in Economic History, XII (1975) 263–88, Appendix 7.
For Japan see Kenneth Lewis and Kozo Yamamura, ‘Industrialization and Interregional Interest Rate Structure, The Japanese Case: 1889–1925’, Explorations in Economic History, VIII (1971), Appendix A;
and for the United States see Gene Smiley, ‘Interest Rate Movement in the United States, 1888–1913’, Journal of Economic History, XXXV (1975), Tables A-5 and A-7.
Austrian provincial income per capita estimates from David F. Good, ‘Financial Institutions and Economic Growth: The Evidence from Pre-1914 Austria’ (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1972), Table D-2. Other data from Williamson, ‘Regional Inequality’, Table 4, pp. 25–6.
The data appear in Angus Maddison, ‘Phases of Capitalist Development’, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, 121 (1977) p. 126, and in
Paul Bairoch, ‘Europe’s Gross National Product: 1800–1975’, Journal of European Economic History, 5 (1976) p. 287.
Prussian data from Helmut Hesse, ‘Die Entwicklung der regionalen Einkommens-differnzen in Wachstumsprosess der deutschen Wirtschaft’, in Wolfram Fisher (ed.), Beiträge zu Wirtschaftswachstum und Wirtschaftsstruktur im 16. und 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1971).
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© 1981 Paul Bairoch and Maurice Lévy-Leboyer
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Good, D.F. (1981). Economic Integration and Regional Development in Austria-Hungary, 1867–1913. In: Bairoch, P., Lévy-Leboyer, M. (eds) Disparities in Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04707-9_14
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