Abstract
This study is concerned with the collective exercise of coercion by economic means and particularly with the recourse to international economic sanctions. The subject is one of considerable and continuing interest: United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia (renamed Zimbabwe-Rhodesia in 1979) have been in force since 1966; an arms embargo was imposed on South Africa in 1977; the Arab oil-producing countries made dramatic use of the ‘oil weapon’ in 1973; Cuba was subjected to OAS sanctions for over a decade. When are economic sanctions justified? Can they work? What costs do they carry? These are some of the questions this book seeks to answer.
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Chapter 1
See Robert Engler, The Politics of Oil (Chicago, 1961);
Peter Odell, Oil and World Power (1970);
S. Chubin and Z. Sepehr, The Foreign Relations of Iran (Berkeley, 1974);
US Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, Hearings on Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy, Parts I and II, 93rd Congress, 1st Session, 1973.
See D. W. Bowett, ‘Economic Coercion and Reprisals by States’, The Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, 1, 1972, pp. 1–12.
See too R. Higgins, ‘The Advisory Opinion on Namibia: which Resolutions are Binding under Article 25 of the Charter?’ International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. XXI (1972), pp. 270–86;
O. Y. Asamoah, The Legal Significance of the Declarations of the General Assembly (1966).
But GATT emphasises reciprocity, not enforcement, and sanctions are given a very limited place in the agreement. See K. Dam, The GATT: Law and International Economic Organization (Chicago, 1970), particularly pp. 352–64.
UN pressure on the World Bank to deny loan facilities to South Africa has been resisted. See S. A. Bleicher, ‘UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism’, International Organization, Vol. XXIV (1970), pp. 31–47.
See below Chapter 2. See too R. B. Lillich, ‘Economic Coercion and the International Legal Order’, International Affairs, Vol. 51, 3 (1975), pp. 358–71.
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© 1980 Royal Institute of International Affairs
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Doxey, M.P. (1980). The Scope of the Inquiry. In: Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04335-4_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04335-4_1
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-04337-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-04335-4
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