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Activation of Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomarkers

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 173))

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Abstract

Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Under neurodegenerative conditions, astrocytes can go through various morphological and functional changes and then transform into reactive forms. Therefore, compared with normal physiological conditions, the expression and distribution of many cellular molecules in reactive astrocytes show significant changes. It will be of great benefit for research and clinical practice if these molecular alterations of astrocytes can be used as biomarkers for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we will comprehensively introduce some potential biomarkers involving various aspects of activated astrocytes, including structural and functional characteristics, and their participation in neuroinflammatory responses, such as GFAP, glutamate transporters, and S100β. We will analyze the advantages and limitations of traditional biomarkers of reactive astrocytes, such as GFAP, and provide some insights into potentially novel biomarkers. Then we will give a brief introduction of potential biomarkers in some typical neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Finally, we provide some methods applied in biomarker studies for reference. These methods range from astrocyte isolating, culture, and further biomarker analysis to clinical techniques such as molecular imaging. In the future, advances in the detection of biomarkers in astrocytes under neurodegenerative conditions will not only shed light on early diagnosis but also be illuminating in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which is still in a rather difficult stage, by serving as potential targets for drugs. More analyses of astrocytes based on these biomarkers and a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases will undoubtedly bring hope to individual patients, their families, and the whole society as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Jiatong Li & Song Qin

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  1. Jiatong Li
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  2. Song Qin
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Correspondence to Song Qin .

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  1. Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Philip V. Peplow

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

    Bridget Martinez

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University, West Chester, PA, USA

    Thomas A. Gennarelli

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Li, J., Qin, S. (2022). Activation of Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases . In: Peplow, P.V., Martinez, B., Gennarelli, T.A. (eds) Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomarkers. Neuromethods, vol 173. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1712-0_3

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