Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Animal Influenza Virus pp 83–92Cite as

A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virus

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2123))

Abstract

The earliest recorded cases of what was likely high-pathogenicity AIV in poultry were reported in Italy in the 1870s. Avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of poultry production. Infection of poultry with either low pathogenic (LP) or highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can result in substantial economic consequences. Productivity can be reduced directly and indirectly because of disease leading to decreased egg or meat yield, mortality, vaccination costs, and restricted trade. Aquatic birds are the natural hosts for AIV, and infection tends to be subclinical, although some strains of HPAIV can cause losses in domestic ducks. Biosecurity and vaccination are the most common methods of preventing infection of poultry. Approaches to AIV control vary widely, but elimination of the disease in poultry is a common goal. The basics of AIV biology, clinical disease, molecular aspects, and AIV detection are briefly reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Lamb RA, Krug RM (2001) Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology, vol 1, 4th edn. LIppincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1487–1532

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tong S, Li Y, Rivailler P, Conrardy C, Castillo DA, Chen LM, Recuenco S, Ellison JA, Davis CT, York IA, Turmelle AS, Moran D, Rogers S, Shi M, Tao Y, Weil MR, Tang K, Rowe LA, Sammons S, Xu X, Frace M, Lindblade KA, Cox NJ, Anderson LJ, Rupprecht CE, Donis RO (2012) A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(11):4269–4274. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116200109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, Waldenstrom J, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Beyer WE, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2007) Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog 3(5):e61

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Dou D, Revol R, Ostbye H, Wang H, Daniels R (2018) Influenza A virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement. Front Immunol 9:1581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Rott R (1992) The pathogenic determinant of influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 33(1–4):303–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Khatchikian D, Orlich M, Rott R (1989) Increased viral pathogenicity after insertion of a 28S ribosomal RNA sequence into the haemagglutinin gene of an influenza virus. Nature 340(6229):156–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Orlich M, Gottwald H, Rott R (1994) Nonhomologous recombination between the hemagglutinin gene and the nucleoprotein gene of an influenza virus. Virology 204(1):462–465. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pasick J, Handel K, Robinson J, Copps J, Ridd D, Hills K, Kehler H, Cottam-Birt C, Neufeld J, Berhane Y, Czub S (2005) Intersegmental recombination between the haemagglutinin and matrix genes was responsible for the emergence of a highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza virus in British Columbia. J Gen Virol 86(3):727–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Suarez DL, Senne DA, Banks J, Brown IH, Essen SC, Lee C, Manvell RJ, Mathieu-Benson C, Moreno V, Pedersen JC, Panigrahy B, Rojas H, Spackman E, Alexander DJ (2004) Recombination resulting in virulence shift in avian influenza outbreak in, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 10(4):693–699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Berhane Y, Hisanaga T, Kehler H, Neufeld J, Manning L, Argue C, Handel K, Hooper-McGrevy K, Jonas M, Robinson J, Webster RG, Pasick J (2009) Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A (H7N3) in domestic poultry, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 15(9):1492–1495. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.080231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Killian ML, Kim-Torchetti M, Hines N, Yingst S, DeLiberto T, Lee DH (2016) Outbreak of H7N8 low pathogenic avian influenza in commercial Turkeys with spontaneous mutation to highly pathogenic avian influenza. Genome Announc 4(3):e00457. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00457-16

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee DH, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Berhane Y, Swayne DE (2017) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, Tennessee, USA, March 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 23(11). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.171013

  13. Maurer-Stroh S, Lee RT, Gunalan V, Eisenhaber F (2013) The highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza strain from July 2012 in Mexico acquired an extended cleavage site through recombination with host 28S rRNA. Virol J 10:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Alexander DJ (2000) A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet Microbiol 74(1–2):3–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Beare AS, Webster RG (1991) Replication of avian influenza viruses in humans. Arch Virol 119(1–2):37–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Slemons RD, Johnson DC, Osborn JS, Hayes F (1974) Type-A influenza viruses isolated from wild free-flying ducks in California. Avian Dis 18:119–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hanson BA, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE, Lewis LA, Senne DA (2003) Avian influenza viruses in Minnesota ducks during 1998-2000. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl):867–871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Stallknecht DE, Shane SM, Zwank PJ, Senne DA, Kearney MT (1990) Avian influenza viruses from migratory and resident ducks of coastal Louisiana. Avian Dis 34(2):398–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu D, Zhang Z, He L, Gao Z, Li J, Gu M, Hu J, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X (2018) Characteristics of the emerging chicken-origin highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses: a new threat to public health and poultry industry. J Infect 76(2):217–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.09.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Uyeki TM (2009) Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: review of clinical issues. Clin Infect Dis 49(2):279–290. https://doi.org/10.1086/600035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Klenk HD, Rott R, Orlich M (1977) Further studies on the activation of influenza virus by proteolytic cleavage of the haemagglutinin. J Gen Virol 36(1):151–161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. OIE (2018) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2018. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). http://www.oie.int/standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/. Accessed 20 Sept 2018

  23. Swayne DE, Suarez DL (2000) Highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev Sci Tech 19(2):463–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Senne DA, Panigrahy B, Kawaoka Y, Pearson JE, Suss J, Lipkind M, Kida H, Webster RG (1996) Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential. Avian Dis 40(2):425–437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nili H, Asasi K (2003) Avian influenza (H9N2) outbreak in Iran. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl):828–831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bano S, Naeem K, Malik SA (2003) Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl):817–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bonfante F, Mazzetto E, Zanardello C, Fortin A, Gobbo F, Maniero S, Bigolaro M, Davidson I, Haddas R, Cattoli G, Terregino C (2018) A G1-lineage H9N2 virus with oviduct tropism causes chronic pathological changes in the infundibulum and a long-lasting drop in egg production. Vet Res 49(1):83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0575-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Slomka MJ, Seekings AH, Mahmood S, Thomas S, Puranik A, Watson S, Byrne AMP, Hicks D, Nunez A, Brown IH, Brookes SM (2018) Unexpected infection outcomes of China-origin H7N9 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus in turkeys. Sci Rep 8(1):7322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25062-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Stephens CB, Bertran K, Swayne DE, Spackman E (2017) The pathogenesis of H7N8 low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the United States 2016 outbreak in chickens, turkeys and mallards. PLoS One 12(5):e0177265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Kapczynski DR, Pantin-Jackwood M, Guzman SG, Ricardez Y, Spackman E, Bertran K, Suarez DL, Swayne DE (2013) Characterization of the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 virus isolated from poultry in an outbreak in Mexico: pathobiology and vaccine protection. J Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00666-13

  31. Bowes VA, Ritchie SJ, Byrne S, Sojonky K, Bidulka JJ, Robinson JH (2004) Virus characterization, clinical presentation, and pathology associated with H7N3 avian influenza in British Columbia broiler breeder chickens in 2004. Avian Dis 48(4):928–934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jones YL, Swayne DE (2004) Comparative pathobiology of low and high pathogenicity H7N3 Chilean avian influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis 48(1):119–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Swayne DE, Perdue ML, Garcia M, Rivera-Cruz E, Brugh M (1997) Pathogenicity and diagnosis of H5N2 Mexican avian influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis 41(2):335–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee CW, Swayne DE, Linares JA, Senne DA, Suarez DL (2005) H5N2 avian influenza outbreak in Texas in 2004: the first highly pathogenic strain in the United States in 20 years? J Virol 79(17):11412–11421. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.17.11412-11421.2005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Nili H, Asasi K (2002) Natural cases and an experimental study of H9N2 avian influenza in commercial broiler chickens of Iran. Avian Pathol 31(3):247–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450220136567

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jackwood MW, Suarez DL, Hilt D, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Woolcock P, Cardona C (2010) Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks. Avian Dis 54(1):120–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Woolcock PR, Suarez DL, Kuney D (2003) Low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H6N2) in chickens in California, 2000-02. Avian Dis 47(3 Suppl):872–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Slemons RD, Swayne DE (1995) Tissue tropism and replicative properties of waterfowl-origin influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis 39(3):521–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kawaoka Y, Nestorowicz A, Alexander DJ, Webster RG (1987) Molecular analyses of the hemagglutinin genes of H5 influenza viruses: origin of a virulent turkey strain. Virology 158(1):218–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Garcia M, Crawford JM, Latimer JW, Rivera-Cruz E, Perdue ML (1996) Heterogeneity in the haemagglutinin gene and emergence of the highly pathogenic phenotype among recent H5N2 avian influenza viruses from Mexico. J Gen Virol 77(Pt 7):1493–1504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Shepherd E, DeJesus E, Smith D, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE (2016) Pathogenicity and transmission of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Mallards. J Virol 90(21):9967–9982. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01165-16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Swayne DE (2017) Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci 18(S1):269–280. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.S1.269

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Sturm-Ramirez KM, Ellis T, Bousfield B, Bissett L, Dyrting K, Rehg JE, Poon L, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webster RG (2004) Reemerging H5N1 influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. J Virol 78(9):4892–4901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Bertran K, DeJesus E, Smith D, Swayne DE (2017) Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese. Vet Res 48(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0435-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. McQuiston JH, Garber LP, Porter-Spalding BA, Hahn JW, Pierson FW, Wainwright SH, Senne DA, Brignole TJ, Akey BL, Holt TJ (2005) Evaluation of risk factors for the spread of low pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza virus among commercial poultry farms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226(5):767–772

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Yupiana Y, de Vlas SJ, Adnan NM, Richardus JH (2010) Risk factors of poultry outbreaks and human cases of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in West Java Province, Indonesia. Int J Infect Dis 14(9):e800–e805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.03.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Fang LQ, de Vlas SJ, Liang S, Looman CW, Gong P, Xu B, Yan L, Yang H, Richardus JH, Cao WC (2008) Environmental factors contributing to the spread of H5N1 avian influenza in mainland China. PLoS One 3(5):e2268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Jonges M, van Leuken J, Wouters I, Koch G, Meijer A, Koopmans M (2015) Wind-mediated spread of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus into the environment during outbreaks at commercial poultry farms. PLoS One 10(5):e0125401. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Torremorell M, Alonso C, Davies PR, Raynor PC, Patnayak D, Torchetti M, McCluskey B (2016) Investigation into the airborne dissemination of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus during the 2015 spring outbreaks in the Midwestern United States. Avian Dis 60(3):637–643. https://doi.org/10.1637/11395-021816-Reg.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sims L, Swayne DE (2017) Avian influenza control strategies. In: Swayne D (ed) Animal influenza, 2nd edn. Wiley Balckwell, Ames, IA, pp 363–377

    Google Scholar 

  51. Swayne DE, Kapczynski DR (2017) Vaccines and vaccinationf for avian influenza in poultry. In: Swayne DE (ed) Animal influenza, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 378–438

    Google Scholar 

  52. Castellan DM, Hinrichs J, Fusheng G, Sawitri E, Dung do H, Martin V, McGrane J, Bandyopadhayay FS, Inui K, Yamage M, Ahmed GM, Macfarlane L, Williams T, Dissanayake R, Akram M, Kalpravidh W, Gopinath CY, Morzaria S (2014) Development and application of a vaccination planning tool for avian influenza. Avian Dis 58(3):437–452. https://doi.org/10.1637/10827-032414-Reg.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA

    Erica Spackman

Authors
  1. Erica Spackman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erica Spackman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA

    Erica Spackman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Spackman, E. (2020). A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virus. In: Spackman, E. (eds) Animal Influenza Virus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2123. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0345-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0346-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation