Definition
Musculoskeletal disorders associated with malignancy may be classified as due to (A) direct tumor involvement of bones, joints, and muscles; (B) paraneoplastic syndromes; (C) altered immune surveillance; and (D) adverse reactions to anticancer therapy. Paraneoplastic rheumatic disorders are those cancer-associated rheumatic syndromes that occur at a distance from the primary tumor or metastases, and induced by the malignancy through hormones, peptides, autocrine and paracrine mediators, antibodies, and cytotoxic lymphocytes. Paraneoplastic rheumatic disorders may precede the diagnosis of the underlying tumor, occur at the same time as the tumor becomes manifest, or arise when metastases develop. In contrast to paraneoplastic syndromes, malignant transformation in the course of certain rheumatic disorders is the result of immune dysregulation; the time interval between the onset of the rheumatic disorder and diagnosis of the secondary malignancy may be as long as 20 years...
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Naschitz, J.E. (2014). Cancer and Joint Pain. In: Mackay, I.R., Rose, N.R., Diamond, B., Davidson, A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84828-0_8
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