Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Soft Tissues Characteristics and Strategies for Their Replacement and Regeneration

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Strategies in Regenerative Medicine

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen BT, Reilly JM, Rubin BG, Thompson RW, Anderson CB, Flye MW, Sicard GA (1996) Femoropopliteal bypass for claudication vein vs PTFE. Ann Vasc Surg 10:178–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosio L, Apicella A, Mensitieri M, Nicolais L, Huang SJ, Marcacci M, Peluso G (1994) Physical and chemical decay of prosthetic ACL after in vivo Implantation. Clin Mater 15:29–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosio L, De Santis R, Iannace S, Netti PA, Nicolais L (1998) Viscoelastic behavior of composite ligament prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res 42:6–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ateshian GA, Warden WH, Kim JJ, Grelsamer RP, Mow VC (1997) Finite deformation biphasic material properties of bovine articular cartilage from confined compression experiment. J Biomech 30:1157–1164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back MR, White RA (1996) Biomaterials in vascular surgery. In: Wise DL et al. (eds) Human biomaterials applications. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 257–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey AJ, Paul RG, Knott L (1998) Mechanisms of maturation and ageing of collagen. Mech Ageing Dev 106:1–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger K, Sauvage LR, Rao AM, Wood SJ (1972) Healing of arterial prostheses in man its incompleteness. Ann Surg 175:118–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat VD, Klitzman B, Koger K, Truskey GA, Reichert WM (1998) Improving endothelial cell adhesion to vascular graft surfaces: clinical need and strategies. J Biomat Sci. Polymer Edition 9:1117–11135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birk DE (2001) Type V collagen: heterotypic type I/V collagen interactions in the regulation of fibril assembly. Micron 32:223–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birk DE, Mayne R (1997) Localization of collagen types I, III and V during tendon development. Changes in collagen types I and III are correlated with changes in fibril diameter. Eur J Cell Biol 72:352–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordenave L, Remy-Zolghadri M, Fernandez P, Bareille R, Midy D (1999) Clinical performance of vascular grafts lined with endothelial cells. Endothelium 6:267–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce ST, Supp AP, Swope VB, Warden GD (2002) Vitamin C regulates keratinocyte viability, epidermal barrier, and basement membrane in vitro, and reduces wound contraction after grafting of cultured skin substitutes. J Invest Dermatol 118:565–572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buschmann MD, Gluzband YA, Grodzinsky AJ, Kimura JH, Hunziker EB (1992) Chondrocytes in agarose culture synthesize a mechanically functional extracellular matrix. J Orthop Res 10:745–758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buschmann MD, Gluzband YA, Grodzinsky AJ, Hunziker EB (1995) Mechanical compression modulates matrix biosynthesis in chondrocyte/agarose culture. J Cell Sci 108:1497–1508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro JF, Kemp PD, Kraus KH (1994) Collagen fabrics as biomaterials. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43:781–791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth PM, Brewster DC, Darling RC, Robison JG, Hallet JW (1985) The fate of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in lower limb bypass surgery: a six year follow-up. Br J Surg 72:896–899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien S (2006) Molecular basis of rheological modulation of endothelial functions: importance of stress direction. Biorheology 43:95–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury TT, Bader DL, Shelton JC, Lee DA (2003) Temporal regulation of chondrocyte metabolism in agarose constructs subjected to dynamic compression. Arch Biochem Biophys 417:105–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen B (1992) Anisotropic Hydrated Soft Tissues in Finite Deformation. Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Comper D, Laurent TC (1978) Physiological function of connective tissue polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 58:255–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compton CC, Gill JM, Bradford DA, Regauer S, Gallico GG, O'Connor NE (1989) Skin regenerated from cultured epithelial autografts on full-thickness burn wounds from 6 days to 5 years after grafting. A light, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Lab Invest 60:600–612

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox RH (1978) Regional variation of series elasticity in canine arterial smooth muscles. Am Physiol 234:542–551

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagalakis N, Flink J, Stasikelis P, Burke JF, Yannas IV (1980) Design of an artificial skin Part III: Control of pore structure. J Biomed Mater Res 14:511–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis PA, Haung SJ, Ambrosio L, Ronca D, Nicolais L (1991) A Biodegradable composite artificial tendon. J Mater Sci Mater Med 3:359–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davisonn T, Kuing S, Chen A, Sah R, Ractliffe A (2002) Static and dynamic compression modulate matrix metabolism in tissue engineering cartilage. J Orthop Res 20:842–848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Jonge E, Levi M (2001) Effects of different plasma substitutes on blood coagulation a comparative review. Criti Care Med 29:1261–1267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Rosa E, Urciuolo F, Borselli C, Gerbasio D, Imparato G, Netti P.A. (2006) Time and space evolution of transport properties in agarose-chondrocyte constructs. Tissue Eng 12:2193–2201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dechert TA, Ducale AE, Ward SI, Yager DR (2006) Hyaluronan in human acute and chronic dermal wounds. Wound Repair Regen 14:252–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driessen NJ, Bouten CV, Baaijens FP (2005) A structural constitutive model for collagenous cardiovascular tissues incorporating the angular fiber distribution. J Biomech Eng 127:494–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn MG, Tria AJ, Kato YP, Bechler JR, Ochner RS, Zawadsky JP, Silver FH (1992) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a composite collagenous prosthesis. A biomechanical and histologic study in rabbits. Am J Sports Med 20:507–515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duval N, Chaput C (1997) A classification of prosthetic ligament failures. In: L’Hocine Y (ed) Ligaments and ligamentoplasties. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 168–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Eshel H, Lanir Y (2001) Effects of strain level and proteoglycan depletion on preconditioning and viscoelastic responses of rat dorsal skin. Ann Biomed Eng 29:164–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Font B, Eichenberger D. Rosenberg LM, van der Rest M (1996) Characterization of the interactions of type XII collagen with two small proteoglycans from fetal bovine tendon, decorin and fibromodulin. Matrix Biol 15:341–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler PJ (1993) Synthetic agumentation. In: Jackson DW et al. (eds) The anterior cruciate ligament: Current and future concepts. Raven Press, New York, NY, pp, 339–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank EH, Grodzinsky AJ (1987) Cartilage electromechanics – I. Electrokinetic transduction and the effect of electrolyte pH and ionic strength. J Biomech 20:615–627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed LE, Langer R, Martin I, Pellis NR, Vunjak-Novakovic G (1997) Tissue engineering of cartilage in space. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:13885–13890

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman JW, Woods MD, Laurencin CT (2006) Tissue engineering of the anterior cruciate ligament using a braid-twist scaffold design. J Biomech e-pub. Nov 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg VM, Caplan AI (1994) Biological resurfacing: an alternative to total joint arthroplasty. Orthopedics 17:819–821

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregersen H. Emery JL, McCulloch AD (1998) History-dependent mechanical behavior of guinea-pig small intestine. Ann Biomed Eng 26:850–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodzinsky AJ (1983) Electromechanical and physicochemical properties of connective tissue. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 9:133–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodzinsky AJ, Levenston ME, Jin M, Frank EH (2000) Cartilage tissue remodelling in response to mechanical forces. Ann Rev Biomed Eng 2:691–713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidoin MF, Marois Y, Bejui J, Poddevin N, King MW, Guidoin R (2000) Analysis of retrieved polymer fiber based replacements for the ACL. Biomaterials 21:2461–2474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris RI, Wallace AL, Harper GD, Goldberg JA, Sonnabend DH, Walsh WR (2000) Structural properties of the intact and the reconstructed coracoclavicular ligament complex. AmJ Sports Med 28:103–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath CA, Magarit SR (1996) Mechanical Factors Affecting Cartilage Regeneration In Vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 50:430–437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hierner R, Degreef H, Vranckx JJ, Garmyn M, Massage P, van Brussel M (2005) Skin grafting and wound healing – the “dermato-plastic team approach”. Clin Dermatol 23:343–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes MH, Mow VC (1990) The nonlinear characteristics of soft gels and hydrated connective tissues in ultrafiltration. J Biomech 23:1145–1156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzapfel GA, Gasser TC, Ogden RW (2000) A new constitutive framework for arterial wall mechanics and a comparative study of material models. J Elast 61:1–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holzapfel GA, Sommer G, Gasser CT, Regitnig P (2005) Determination of layer-specific mechanical properties of human coronary arteries with nonatherosclerotic intimal thickening and related constitutive modeling. Am J Physiol. Heart and Circ Physiol 289:2048–2058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horch RE, Corbei O, Formanek-Corbei B, Brand-Saberi B, Vanscheidt W, Stark GB (1998) Reconstitution of basement membrane after 'sandwich-technique' skin grafting for severe burns demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. J Burn Care Rehabil 19:189–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horch RE, Kopp J, Kneser U, Beier J, Bach AD (2005) Tissue engineering of cultured skin substitutes. J Cell Mol Med 9:592–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huyghe JM, Janssen JD (1997) Quadriphasic mechanics of swelling incompressible porous media. Internationa J Eng Sci 35:793–802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins RB, Little RW (1974) A constitutive equation for parallel fibered elastic tissues. J Biomech 7:397–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones I, Currie L, Martin R (2002) A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br J Plast Surg 55:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SS, Petsikas D, Murchan P, Cziperle DJ, Ren D, Kim DU, Greisler HP (1997) Effects of albumin coating of knitted Dacron grafts on transinterstitial blood loss and tissue ingrowth and incorporation. Cardiovasc Surg 5:184–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keene DR, Marinkovich MP, Sakai LY (1997) Immunodissection of the connective tissue matrix in human skin. Microsc Res Techniq 38:394–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SN, Cammisa FP Jr, Sandhu HS, Diwan AD, Girardi FP, Lane JM (2005) The biology of bone grafting. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 13:77–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Koob TJ, Vogel KG (1987) Site-related variations in glycosaminoglycan content and swelling properties of bovine flexor tendon. J Orthop Res 5:414–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kronick PL, Sacks MS (1994) Matrix macromolecules that affect the viscoelasticity of calfskin. J Biomech Eng 116:140–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanir Y (1978) Structure-strength relations in mammalian tendon. Biophys J 24:541–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurencin CT, Ambrosio AMA, Borden MD, Cooper JA Jr (1999) Tissue engineering othopeadic applications. Ann Rev Biomed Eng 1:19–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levenston ME, Frank EH, Grodzinsky AJ (1998) Variationally derived 3-field finite element formulations for quasi static poroelastic analysis of hydrated biological tissues. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 156:231–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin VS, Lee MC, O'Neal S, McKean J, Sung KL (1999) Ligament tissue engineering using synthetic biodegradable fiber scaffolds. Tissue Eng 5:443–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu HH, Cooper JA Jr, Manuel S, Freeman JW, Attawia MA, Ko FK, Laurencin CT (2005) Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using braided biodegradable scaffolds: in vitro optimization studies. Biomaterials 26:4805–4816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauck RL, Clarck TH, Athesian GA (2003) Modelling of neutral solute transport in a dynamically loaded porous permeable gel: implication for articular cartilage engineering. J Biomech Eng 125:602–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe AD, Ferguson WJ (2006) Tissue engineering of replacement skin: the crossroads of biomaterials, wound healing, embryonic development, stem cells and regeneration. J R Soc Interface 3:1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Migliaresi C, Nicolais L (1980) Composite materials for biomedical applications. Int J Artif Organs 3:114–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraj A, Kim H, Hamilton AJ, Mun JH, Smulevitz B, Kane BJ, Yan LL, Roth SI, McPherson DD, Chandran KB (2005) Porcine carotid arterial material property alterations with induced atheroma: an in vivo study. Med Eng Phys 27:147–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Netti PA, D'Amore A, Ronca D, Ambrosio L, Nicolais L (1996) Structure-mechanical properties relationship of natural tendons and ligaments. J Mater Sci Mater Med 7:525–530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Netti PA, Travascio F, Jain RK (2002) Coupled macromolecular transport and gel mechanics: Poroviscoelastic approach. AIChE J 49:1580–1596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes FR, Matthews DS, Mooar PA, Grood ES (1983) The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part II: the results of rehabilitation, activity modification, and counseling on functional disability. J Bone Joint Surg. American Volume 65:163–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obradovic B, Meldon JH, Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2000) Glycosaminoglycan deposition in engineered cartilage: Experiments and mathematical model. Am Inst of Chem Eng J 46:1860–1871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oxlund H, Manschot J, Viidik A (1988) The role of elastin in the mechanical properties of skin. J Biomech 21:213–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pap K, Krompecher S (1961) Arthroplasty of the knee, experimental and clinical experiences. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 43:523–527

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrigliano FA, McAllister DR, Wu BM (2006) Tissue engineering for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of current strategies. Arthroscopy 22:441–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pins GD, Christiansen DL, Patel R and Silver FH (1997) Self-assembly of collagen fibers. Influence of fibrillar alignment and decorin on mechanical properties. Biophys J 73:2164–2172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poole AR, Kojima T, Yasuda T, Mwale F, Kobayashi M, Laverty S (2001) Composition and structure of articular cartilage: a template for tissue repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 391S:S26-S33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rachev A, Greenwald SE (2003) Residual strains in conduit arteries. J Biomech 36:661–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romanic AM, Adachi E, Kadler KE, Hojima Y, Prockop DJ (1991) Copolymerization of pNcollagen III and collagen I. pNcollagen III decreases the rate of incorporation of collagen I into fibrils, the amount of collagen I incorporated, and the diameter of the fibrils formed. J Biolog Chem 266:12703–12709

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roolker W, Patt TW, van Dijk CN, Vegter M, Marti RK (2000) The Gore-Tex prosthetic ligament as a salvage procedure in deficient knees. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 8:20–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saim AB, Cao Y, Weng Y, Chang CN, Vacanti MA, Vacanti CA, Eavey RE (2000) Engineering autogenous cartilage in the shape of a helix using an injectable hydrogel scaffold. Laryngoscope 110:1694–1697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato O, Tada Y, Takagi A (1989) The biologic fate of Dacron double velour vascular prostheses - a clinicopathological study. Jpn J Surg 19:301–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shadwick RE (1999) Mechanical design in arteries. J Experimen Biol 202:3305–3313

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slevin M, Kumar S, Gaffney J (2002) Angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce multiple signaling pathways affecting vascular endothelial cell mitogenic and wound healing responses. J Biolog Chem 277:41046–41059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thacker JG, Stalnecker MC, Allaire PE, Edgerton MT, Rodeheaver GT, Edlich RF (1977) Practical applications of skin biomechanics. Clin Plast Surg 4:167–171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Andel CJ, Pistecky PV, Borst C (2003 ) Mechanical properties of porcine and human arteries: implications for coronary anastomotic connectors. Ann Thorac Surg 76:58–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Zijpp YJ, Poot AA, Feijen J (2003) Endothelialization of small-diameter vascular prostheses. Arch Physiol Biochem 111:415–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ventre M (2006) Supramolecular assembly and mechanical properties of dermis. Doctoral Thesis. University of Naples Federico II

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel KG, Koob TJ (1989) Structural specialization in tendons under compression. Int Rev Cytol 115:267–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe T, Hosaka Y, Yamamoto E, Ueda H, Sugawara K, Takahashi H, Takehana K (2005) Control of the collagen fibril diameter in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon in horses by decorin. J Vet Med Sci 67:855–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson AK, Chen CA, Sah RL (2001) Compressive properties and function–composition relationships of developing bovine articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 19:1113–1121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson YG, Wyatt MG, Currie IC, Baird RN, Lamont PM (1995) Preferential use of vein for above-knee femoropopliteal grafts. Eur Vasc Endovasc Surg 10:220–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolinsky H, Glagov S (1964) Structural basis for the static mechanical properties of the aortic media. Circ Res 14:400–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolinsky H, Glagov S (1967) A lamellar unit of aortic medial structure and function in mammals. Circ Res 20:99–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo SL, Abramowitch SD, Kilger R, Liang R (2006) Biomechanics of knee ligaments injury, healing, and repair. J Biomech 39:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodfield TBF, Malda J, de Wijn J, Peters F, Riesle J, van Blitterswijk CA (2003) Design of porous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering using a three-dimensional fiber-deposition technique. Biomaterials 25:4149–4161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yannas IV, Burke JF (1980) Design of an artificial skin. I. Basic design principles. J Biomed Mater Res 14:65–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yannas IV, Burke JF, Gordon PL, Huang C, Rubenstein RH (1980) Design of an artificial skin. II. Control of chemical composition. J Biomed Mater Res 14:107–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young BB, Zhang G, Koch M, Birk DE (2002) The roles of types XII and XIV collagen in fibrillogenesis and matrix assembly in the developing cornea. J Cell Biochem 87:208–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zdrahala RJ (1996) Small caliber vascular grafts. Part II: Polyurethanes revisited. J Biomater Appl 11:37–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimny ML, Schutte M, Dabezies E (1986) Mechanoreceptors in the human anterior cruciate ligament. Anatomical Record 214:204–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdepartmental Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, , Italy

    Paolo A. Netti

Authors
  1. Maurizio Ventre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paolo A. Netti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Urciuolo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luigi Ambrosio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paolo A. Netti .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy &, Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom

    Matteo Santin

Additional information

Questions/Exercises

  1. 1.

    Discuss the mechanical properties of a typical soft tissue in the light of its histological composition.

  2. 2.

    Indicate common features of the main commercially available skin replacements.

  3. 3.

    List the main biomaterials used for the manufacturing of artificial vascular graft and discuss their clinical performances.

  4. 4.

    Describe the main rationale underpinning the design of artificial vascular grafts for large diameter vessels.

  5. 5.

    Provide examples of biomaterials for artificial ligament manufacturing and highlight their biomimicking properties.

  6. 6.

    Explain cartilage functionality in the light of its mechanical properties.

  7. 7.

    Present the features of tissue engineering constructs for 3 distinct clinical applications in regenerative medicine

  8. 8.

    Highlight the main types of biomaterials for tissue engineering applications and discuss their physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility.

  9. 9.

    Critically discuss the main features necessary to 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering

  10. 10.

    Provide a critical discussion of the performances of tissue engineering products already available in clinics. In the light of the information of this chapter and of the following chapters, take into consideration both physico-chemical features and biocompatibility issues.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ventre, M., Netti, P.A., Urciuolo, F., Ambrosio, L. (2009). Soft Tissues Characteristics and Strategies for Their Replacement and Regeneration. In: Santin, M. (eds) Strategies in Regenerative Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74660-9_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation