In free-surface flow, the component of the weight of water in the downstream direction causes accelerationof flow (it causes deceleration if the bottom slope is negative), whereas the shear stressat the channel bottom and sides offers resistance to flow. Depending upon the relative magnitude of these accelerating and decelerating forces, the flow may accelerate or decelerate. For example, if the resistive force is more than the component of the weight, then the flow velocity decreases and, to satisfy the continuity equation, the flow depth increases. The converse is true if the component of the weight is more than the resistive force. However, if the channel is long and prismatic(i.e., channel cross section and bottom slope do not change with distance), then the flow accelerates or decelerates for a distance until the accelerating and resistive forces are equal. From that point on, the flow velocity and flow depth remain constant. Such a flow, in which the flow depth does not change with distance, is called uniform flow, and the corresponding flow depth is called the normal depth. Uniform flow is discussed in this chapter. An equation relating the bottom shear stress to different flow variables is first derived. Various empirical resistance formulas used for the free-surface flows are then presented. A procedure for computing the normal depth for a specified discharge in a channel of known properties is outlined.
Uniform flow is discussed in this chapter. An equation relating the bottom shear stress to different flow variables is first derived. Various empirical resistance formulas used for the free-surface flows are then presented. A procedure for computing the normal depth for a specified discharge in a channel of known properties is outlined.
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(2008). Uniform Flow. In: Open-Channel Flow. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68648-6_4
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