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Nitric Oxide in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

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Abstract:

Nitric oxide (NO) is a biologically precious molecule responsible for diverse functions in physiology and pathophysiology of many organs including the brain. Accordingly, NO contributes significantly to both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The neurodegenerative aspects of NO in EAE are marked by enhanced CNS infiltration, gliosis, and demyelination whereas the neuroprotection is mainly attributed by diminished adhesion and CNS infiltration, inhibition of proinflammatory factors, and immunosuppression. In this chapter, we have made an attempt to illuminate this bidirectional role of NO in EAE and discuss the therapeutic importance of this molecule in EAE and MS.

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Abbreviations

AOE:

antioxidant enzymes

AP-1:

activator protein-1

APC:

antigen-presenting cell

BBB:

blood-brain barrier

cGMP:

cyclic guanosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate

CNS:

central nervous system

LPS:

lipopolysaccharides

EAE:

experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

ERK:

extracellular signal-regulated kinase

GAPDH:

glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GC:

guanylate cyclase

GPX:

glutathione peroxidase

GSNO:

S-nitroso glutathione

ICAM:

intercellular cell adhesion molecule

iNOS:

nitric oxide synthase

IFN-γ:

interferon-gamma

IL-12R:

interleukin-12 receptor

IL-1β:

interleukin-1beta

LFA1:

lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MBP:

myelin basic protein

MEK:

MAP kinase kinase

MS:

multiple sclerosis

MMP-9:

matrix metalloproteinase-9

NO:

nitric oxide

NF-κB:

nuclear factor-kappaB

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate NMDA

ONOO− :

peroxynitrite

PKG:

protein kinase G

PARP:

poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

Raf:

MEK kinase

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SAPK:

stress-activated protein kinase

SCI:

spinal cord injury

SNAP:

S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

SNP:

sodium nitroprusside

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

VCAM:

vascular cell adhesion molecule

VLA4:

very-late antigen 4

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from NIH (NS39940 and NS48923), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG3422A1/1), and Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research.

Authors
  1. S. Brahmachari
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  2. K. Pahan
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Neurosciences Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309, Charleston, SC, USA

    Naren Banik

  3. Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 29209, 6439 Garners Ferry Road Building 2, Room C11, Columbia, SC, USA

    Swapan K. Ray

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© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Brahmachari, S., Pahan, K. (2009). Nitric Oxide in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. In: Lajtha, A., Banik, N., Ray, S.K. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30375-8_13

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