Abstract
The day after the fateful rendezvous at Ware, which curtailed Army opposition to the reinstatement of the King, Charles I (now at Carisbrooke) sent new proposals to Parliament which sought to modify The Heads of the Proposals. His first object was to maintain episcopacy, but he would allow the Presbyterian system of government adopted in the English Church to remain for three years, pending a detailed settlement between himself and Parliament. That agreement would preserve ‘full liberty to all those who shall differ upon conscientious grounds from that settlement’, excepting papists, atheists and blasphemers. As a mark of his good faith, he offered to relinquish to Parliament his rights over the militia and his power to appoint officers of state and Privy Councillors during his lifetime, on the understanding that those powers would return to the Crown after his reign. He was willing to do ‘any thing that can be done without the violation of his conscience and honour’ to meet the Army arrears, and would undertake to pay £400 000 in arrears within 18 months, if the Parliament would remit him monies received from the sequestration of Royalist estates. Any insufficiency he would meet by sale of the Crown forests (church lands, however, were sacrosanct, and he would not permit them to be alienated).
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Further Reading
Robert Ashton, Counter-Revolution. The Second Civil War and its Origins, 1646–8 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), especially chapter XII, ‘The Second Civil War in Perspective’, pp. 423–75.
Ian Gentles, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645–1653 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), chapter 8, ‘The Second Civil War’, pp. 235–65.
Martyn Bennett, The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638–1651 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), chapter 11, ‘Engagement to Execution’, pp. 284–314.
Maurice Ashley, The English Civil War. A Concise History (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980), chapter 7, ‘The Second Civil War, 1648’, pp. 137–60.
Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars. The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651 (London: Routledge, 1994), chapter 13, ‘Then we Started All Over Again’, pp. 310–38.
Peter Young, An Illustrated History of the Great Civil War (Bucks: Spurbooks Ltd., undated), chapter 8, ‘The Second Civil War’, pp. 119–32.
Austin Woolrych, Battles of the English Civil War. Marston Moor, Naseby, Preston (London, Batsford, 1961), chapter 8, ‘Preston’, pp. 152–82.
Peter Young and Richard Holmes, The English Civil War. A Military History of the Three Civil Wars, 1642–1651 (London: Eyre Methuen, 1974), Part III, pp. 269–92.
Philip J. Haythornthwaite, The English Civil War 1642–1651. An Illustrated Military History (London: Guild Publishing, 1985), chapter 8, ‘The Second Civil War’, pp. 117–23.
David Smurthwaite, The Ordinance Survey Complete Guide to the Battlefields of Britain (Exeter: Webb & Bower, 1984), pp. 170–1.
Martyn Bennett, Travellers’ Guide to the Battlefields of the English Civil War (Exeter: Webb & Bower, 1990), pp. 172–81.
D. E. Kennedy, ‘The English Naval Revolt of 1648’, The English Historical Review, lxxvii (1962), pp. 247–56.
J. R. Powell, The Navy in the English Civil War (London: Archon Books, 1962), especially chapters X, XI and XII.
Bernard Capp, Cromwell’s Navy. The Fleet and the English Revolution 1648–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) especially chapter 1 ‘The Revolt of 1648’.
Bernard Capp, ‘Naval Operations’, in John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds), The Civil Wars. A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1630–1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), especially pp. 177–87.
Blair Worden, The Rump Parliament 1648–1653 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), especially Introduction and Part One.
D. E. Underdown, Pride’s Purge. Politics in the Puritan Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971).
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© 2000 D. E. Kennedy
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Kennedy, D.E. (2000). The Second Civil War. In: The English Revolution 1642–1649. British History in Perspective. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-98420-8_5
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