Abstract
The great transformation of the Russian Army in the century between the Time of Troubles (1598–1613) and the death of Peter the Great in 1725 came about because of the changing international situation of Russia, the decades of state-building that culminated in Peter’s actions, and the Euro-peanization of Russian culture.
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Sources and Further Reading
The existing literature on seventeenth-century Russia is sparse, for that period is perhaps the least studied in Russian history. Research has focussed largely on the elite in recent years (Richard Hellie, Enserfrnent and Military Change in Muscovy, Chicago, 1971; and
Robert O. Crummey, Aristocrats and Servitors: the Boyar Elite in Russia 1613–1689, Princeton, NJ, 1973, and the forthcoming work of P. V. Sedov and A. P. Pavlov), an area with major military implications. The story of the Russian Army before Peter is the same, the most basic works being A. S. Grishin-skii, N. L. Klado, V. P. Nikol’skii, Istoriia russkoi armii i flota 15 vols., Moscow, 1911–13, vol. 1, and
A. V. Chernov, Vooruzhenye sily Russkogo gosudarstva v XV-XVII vu, Moscow, 1954. The English reader will find useful
Robert I. Frost, After the Deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War 1655–1660, Cambridge, 1993, as well as the recent work of
Carol Belkin Stevens, Soldiers on the Steppe: Army Reform and Social Change in Early Modern Russia, DeKalb, Illinois, 1995, and W. M. Reger IV, “In the Service of the Tsar: European Mercenary Officers and the Reception of Military Reform in Russia 1654–1667,” doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1997.
For Peter’s reign the situation is quite different. Fine surveys may be found in W C. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914, New York, 1992, ch. 1–2;
L. G. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia i flot v XVIII veke, Moscow, 1958; and the basic works on Peter:
M. M. Bogoslovskii, Petr I: Materialy dlia biografii 5 vols., Moscow, 1940–48, vol. 1, 207–382 (best account of the Azov campaign);
Rein-hard Wittram, Peter I: Czar und Kaiser, 2 Vols., Göttingen, 1964 (best account of Peter ever written); and
Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great, New Haven and London, 1998, 63–91. See also
John Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia 1462–1874, Oxford, 1985. Two useful biographies are
A. I. Zaozerskii, Fel’dmarshal B. P. Sheremetev, Moscow, 1989; and
N. I. Pavlenko, Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin (on Menshikov), Moscow, 1991. On the Northern War see
E. V. Tarle, Severnaia Voina i shvedskoe nashestvie na Rossiiu, Moscow 1952 (to be used with caution);
I. I. Rostunov, ed., Istoriia severnoi voiny, Moscow, 1987; and
Peter Englund, Poltava, London, 1992 (excellent for the Swedish side but uses no Russian sources). Russian finances:
P. N. Miliukov, Gosudarstvennoe khozaistvo Rossii v pervoi chetverti XVIII i reformy Petra, 2d ed., St. Petersburg, 1905 (polemical), and
E. V. Anisimov, Podatnaia reforma Petra I: Vvedenie po-dushnoipodati v Rossiiu, Leningrad, 1982 (critical of Miliukov). On more special subjects see
D. F. Maslovskii, Stroevaia i polevaia sluzhba russkikh voisk vremen Petra Velikogo i imperatritsy Elizavety, Moscow, 1883;
A. Puzyrevskii, Razvitiepos-toiannykh reguliarnykh armii i sostoianie voennogo iskusstva v vek Liudovika XIV i Petra Velikogo, St. Petersburg, 1889;
P. P. Epifanov, “Nachalo organizatsii russkoi reguliarnoi armii Petrom I (1699–1705),” Uchenye zapiski MGU vyp. 87 (Istoriia SSSR), 1946, 66–99;
V. N. Avtokratov, “Voennyi prikaz (Iz istorii komplekto-vaniia voisk v Rossii v nachale XVIII v.),” in Beskrovnyi et al. ed., Poltava, Moscow, 1959, 228–45;
M. D. Rabinovich, “Formirovanie russkoi reguliarnoi armii nakanune Severnoi Voiny,” in V. I. Shunkov, ed., Voprosy voennoi istorii Rossii, Moscow, 1969, 221–33;
N. L. Rubinshtein, ed., Voennye ustavy Petra Velikogo, Moscow, 1946;
P. P. Epifanov, “Voinskii ustav Petra Velikogo,” in A. I. Andreev, Petr Velikii, pt. I, Moscow-Leningrad, 1947, 167–213;
M. D. Rabinovich, “Strel’tsy v pervoi chetverti XVIII v.,” Istoricheskie zapiski 58 (1956), 273–305; idem, “Sotsial’noe proiskhozhdenie i imushchestvennoe polozhenie ofitserov reguliarnoi russkoi armii v kontse Severnoi voiny,” in
N. I. Pavlenko, ed., Rossia vperiod reform Petra I, Moscow, 1973, 133–71;
M. D. Rabinovich, Polki petrovskoi armii 1698–1725 gg.: Kratkii spravochnik, (Trudy GIM 48), Moscow, 1977;
P. O. Bobrovskii, Istoriia leib-gvardii Preobrazhenskogo polka 2 vols., St. Petersburg 1900, 1904;
Christer Kuvaja, Försörjning av en ockupationsarmé: Den ryska arméns underhållssystem i Finland 1713–1721, Åbo, 1999; and Paul Bushkovitch, “The Politics of Command in the Army of Peter the Great” in Bruce W Menning, David Schimmelpenninck, Reform of the Russian Army, forthcoming. Lack of secondary work is compensated by excellent documentary collections:
D. Maslovskii, Severnaia voina: Dokumenty 1705–1708 gg., St. Petersburg, 1892 (Sbornik voenno-istoricheskikh materialov 1);
A. Myshlaevskii, Severnaia voina 1708 g.: Otr. Ully k Berezine za r. Dnepr, St. P. 1901 (Materialy dlia istorii voennogo iskusstva v Rossii); idem, Petr Velikii: voina v Finliandii v 1712–1714 gg. (Dokumenty), St. P. 1896 (Materialy dlia istorii voennogo iskusstva v Rossii); idem. Severnaia voina na Ingermanlandskom i Finliandskom teatrakh v 1708–1714 gg., St. P. 1893 (Sbornik voenno-istoricheskikh materialov 5); idem, Voina s turtsiei 1711 goda, St. P. 1898 (Sbornik voenno-istoricheskikh materialov 12); N. Iunakov, ed., Trudy russkogo voenno-istoricheskogo obshchestva vols. 1–4, St. Petersburg 1909.
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© 2002 Frederick W. Kagan and Robin Higham
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Bushkovitch, P. (2002). The Romanov Transformation, 1613–1725. In: Kagan, F.W., Higham, R. (eds) The Military History of Tsarist Russia. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-10822-6_3
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