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Animal Models of ADHD

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Molecular and Functional Models in Neuropsychiatry

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 7))

Abstract

Studies employing animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present clear inherent advantages over human studies. Animal models are invaluable tools for the study of underlying neurochemical, neuropathological and genetic alterations that cause ADHD, because they allow relatively fast, rigorous hypothesis testing and invasive manipulations as well as selective breeding. Moreover, especially for ADHD, animal models with good predictive validity would allow the assessment of potential new therapeutics. In this chapter, we describe and comment on the most frequently used animal models of ADHD that have been created by genetic, neurochemical and physical alterations in rodents. We then discuss that an emerging and promising direction of the field is the analysis of individual behavioural differences among a normal population of animals. Subjects presenting extreme characteristics related to ADHD can be studied, thereby avoiding some of the problems that are found in other models, such as functional recovery and unnecessary assumptions about aetiology. This approach is justified by the theoretical need to consider human ADHD as the extreme part of a spectrum of characteristics that are distributed normally in the general population, as opposed to the predominant view of ADHD as a separate pathological category.

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Abbreviations

5-CSRTT:

Five-choice serial reaction time task

5-HT:

Serotonin

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

ACg:

Anterior cingulate cortex

ADHD:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

CPT:

Continuous performance task

DA:

Dopamine

DAT:

Dopamine transporter

DAT1:

Dopamine transporter gene 1

DAT-KO:

Dopamine transporter knock-out

dB:

Decibels

DRD4:

Dopamine receptor D4

DRL:

Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding

DSM-IV:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition

FCN:

Fixed consecutive number

GH:

Genetically hypertensive rat

ICD-10:

International classification of diseases 10th revision

IL:

Infralimbic cortex

LHT:

Lever-holding task

ms:

Milliseconds

NA:

Noradrenaline

NAc:

Nucleus accumbens

NHE:

Naples high-excitability

OFC:

Orbitofrontal cortex

PD:

Post-natal day

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

PrL:

Prelimbic cortex

SHR:

Spontaneously hypertensive rat

SNAP-25:

Synaptosomal-associated protein 25

SSRT:

Stop-signal reaction time

SST:

Stop-signal task

TRbeta 1:

Thyroid hormone receptor beta 1

WK:

Wistar-Kyoto

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  1. Department of Experimental Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK

    A. Bari & T. W. Robbins

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  1. Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC), King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom

    Jim J. Hagan

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Bari, A., Robbins, T.W. (2011). Animal Models of ADHD. In: Hagan, J. (eds) Molecular and Functional Models in Neuropsychiatry. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_102

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