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Dynamics of Transport, Accumulation, and Export of Plastics at Oceanic Fronts

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Chemical Oceanography of Frontal Zones

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 116))

Abstract

Every year, vast quantities of plastic debris arrive at the ocean surface. Nevertheless, our understanding of plastic movements is largely incomplete and many of the processes involved with the horizontal and vertical displacement of plastics in the ocean are still basically unknown. In this chapter we review the dynamics associated with the transport of plastics and other pollutants at oceanic fronts. Fronts had been historically defined as simple barriers to exchange, but here we show that the role of these structures in influencing the transport of plastics is more complex. The tools used to investigate the occurrence of frontal structures at various spatial scales are reviewed in detail, with a particular focus on their potential applications to the study of plastic pollution. Three selected case studies are presented to better describe the role of fronts in favoring or preventing plastic exchanges: the large-scale Antarctic Circumpolar Current, a Mediterranean mesoscale front, and the submesoscale fronts in the Gulf of Mexico. Lastly, some aspects related to the vertical subduction of plastic particles at oceanic fronts are discussed as one of the most promising frontiers for future research. The accumulation of floating debris at the sea surface is mainly affected by the horizontal components of frontal dynamics. At the same time, vertical components can be relevant for the export of neutrally buoyant particles from the surface into the deep sea. Based on these evidences, we propose that submesoscale processes can provide a fast and efficient route of plastic transport within the mixed layer, while mesoscale instabilities and associated vertical velocities might be the dominant mechanism to penetrate the deeper ocean on slower but broader scales. We conclude that given the ubiquitous presence of fronts in the world’s ocean, their contribution to the global plastic cycle is probably not negligible and the role of these processes in vertically displacing neutrally buoyant microplastics should be investigated in more detail.

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Acknowledgments

The authors of this chapter received funding through the following research projects: Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI); IPSODES “Investigating the predictability of the Southern Ocean dynamics through ensemble simulation hindcasts” (PNRA18_00199-C); PRIN EMME “Exploring the fate of Mediterranean microplastics: from distribution pathways to biological effects” (2017WERYZP); JPI-Oceans FACTS “Fluxes and Fate of Microplastics in Northern European Waters”; ONR award N00014-18-1-2782 within the CALYPSO DRI; JERICO-S3 (grant agreement No. 871153) and NAUTILOS “New Approach To Underwater Technologies For Innovative, Low-Cost Ocean Observation (grant agreement No. 101000825) projects that received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme; and by the Discovery Element of the European Space Agency’s Basic Activities project WASP “Mapping Windrows as Proxy for Marine Litter Monitoring from Space” (ESA Contract. 4000130627/20/NL/GLC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), Lerici, Italy

    G. Suaria, M. Berta, A. Griffa & S. Aliani

  2. MIO, Université de Toulon, Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, IRD, Toulon, France

    A. Molcard

  3. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA

    T. M. Özgökmen

  4. Parthenope University and CoNISMa, Naples, Italy

    E. Zambianchi

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    Igor M. Belkin

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Suaria, G. et al. (2021). Dynamics of Transport, Accumulation, and Export of Plastics at Oceanic Fronts. In: Belkin, I.M. (eds) Chemical Oceanography of Frontal Zones. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 116. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2021_814

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