Skip to main content

Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen Action in Target Tissues

  • Chapter
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aaronica SM, Katznellenbogen BS (1993) Stimulation of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription by estrogen, cyclic-AMP and IGF-1. Mol Endocrinol 7:743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Akner G, Wikström AC, Gustafsson JA (1995) Subcellular distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor and evidence for its association with microtubules J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 52:1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ali S, Metzger D, Bornert JM, Chambon P (1993) Modulation of transcriptional activation by ligand-dependent phosphorylation of the human oestrogen receptor A/B region. EMBO J 12:1153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson E (2002) The role of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in human mammary development and tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res 4:197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Hakkak R, Rowlands JC, Korourian S (2002) The health consequences of early soy consumption. J Nutr 132:559S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Beato M, Sánchez-Pacheco A (1996) Interaction of steroid hormone receptors with the transcription initiation complex. Endocr Rev 1:587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Beato M (1989) Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56:335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bouillon R, Okamura HO, Norman AW (1995) Structure-function relationship in the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr Rev 16:200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brann DW, Hendry LH, Mahesh V (1995) Emerging diversities in the mechanism of action of steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 52:2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Brzozowski AM, Pike AC, Dauter Z (1997)Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature 389:753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Brzozowski AM, Pike ACW, Dauter Z, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Engstrom O, Ohman L, Greene GL, Gustaffson JA, Carlquist M (1997) Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the estrogen receptor. Nature 389:753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Castellano Díaz E, Gonzalez Quijano MI, Limiñana JM, Díaz Chico BN (1989) Tamoxifen decreases the estradiol induced progesterone receptors by interfering with nuclear estrogen receptor accumulation. J Steroid Biochem 33:133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chambliss KL, Shaul PW (2002) Estrogen modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Endocr Rev 23:665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chan S (2002) A review of selective estrogen receptor modulators in the treatment of breast and endometrial cancer. Semin Oncol 29:129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chin WL (1995) Hormonal regulation of gene expression. In: DeGroot L (ed) Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 6

    Google Scholar 

  16. Chirino R, Fernández L, López A, Navarro D, Rivero JF, Díaz-Chico JC, Díaz-Chico BN (1991) Thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids act synergistically in the regulation of the low affinity glucocorticoid binding sites in the male rat liver. Endocrinology 129:3118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Clemons M, Goss P (2001) Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 344:276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Colditz GA (1998) Relationship between estrogen levels, use of replacement theraphy and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cosman F, Lindsay R (1999) Selective estrogen receptormodulators: clinical spectrum. Endocr Rev 20:418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Couse JF, Hewitt SC, Bunch DO, Sar M, Walker VR, Davies BJ, Korack K (1999a) Postnatal sex reversal of the ovaries in mice lacking estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Science 286:2328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Couse JF, Korack KS (1999b) Estrogen receptor null mice: what have we learned and where will they lead us? Endocr Rev 20:358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Sykiotis GP, Papavassiliou AG (2003) Selective modulation of postmenopausal women: cutting the Gordian knot of hormone replacement therapy with breast carcinoma. Cancer 97:12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Díaz-Chico BN, Ogasawara Y, Chamness GC, Salman M, McGuire WL (1988) A 46 kDa antigen associated with estrogen receptors in human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem 30:315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Edwards DP, Altaman M, DeMarzo A, Zhang Y, Weigel N, Beck CA (1995) Progesterone receptor and the mechanism of action of progesterone antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Edwards DP, Wardell SE, Boonyaratanakornkit V (2002) Progesterone receptor interacting coregulatory proteins and cross talk with cell signaling pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 83:173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Evans RM, Hollenberg S (1988) Zinc fingers: gilt by association. Cell 52:1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Evans RM (1989) Molecular characterization of the glucocorticoid receptor. Rec Prog Horm Res 45:1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Evans RM (1988) The steroid and thyroid receptor family. Science 240:889

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fawell SE, Lees JA, White R, Parker MG (1990) Characterization and colocalization of steroid binding and dimerization activities in the mouse estrogen receptor. Cell 60:953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fernández L, Chirino R, Boada LD, Navarro D, Cabrera N, Del Río I, Díaz-Chico BN (1994) Stanozolol and danazol, unlike natural androgens, interact with the low affinity glucocorticoid binding sites from male rat liver microsomes. Endocrinology 134:1401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Filardo EJ (2002) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation by estrogen via the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR30: a novel signaling pathway with potential significance for breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 80:231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Freedman LP, Luisi BF, Korszum ZR, Basavappa R, Sigler PB, Yamamoto KR (1988) The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucorticoid receptor DNA binding domain. Nature 334:543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fuqua SA, Fitzgerald SD, Allred DC, Elledge RM, Nawaz Z, McDonnell DP, O’Malley BW, Greene G, McGuire WL (1992) Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by a naturally occurring variant in human breast tumors. Cancer Res 52:483

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fuqua SA (2001) The role of estrogen receptors in breast cancer metastasis. JMammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 6:407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. García T, Lehler S, Bloomer WD, Schachter B (1988) A variant estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid is associated with reduced levels of estrogen binding in human mammary tumors. Mol Endocrinol 2:785

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Green S, Kumar V, Theulaz I, Wahli W, Chambon P (1988) The N-terminal DNA-binding “zinc finger” of the oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors determines target gene specificity. EMBO J 7:7:3037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P, Chambon P (1986a) Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature 320:134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Greene GL, Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y, Shine J (1986b) Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. Science 231:1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, Huber JC (2002) Production and actions of estrogens. N Engl J Med 346:340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Guiochon M, Loosfelt H, Lescop P, Sar S, Atger M, Perrot A, Milgrom E (1989) Mechanisms of nuclear localization of the progesterone receptor: evidence for interaction between monomers. Cell 57:1147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Hall JM, McDonnell DP (1999) The estrogen receptor beta-isoform of the human estrogen receptor modulates ER-alpha transcriptional activity and is a key regulator of the cellular response to estrogens and antiestrogens. Endocrinology 140:5566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hodgin JB, Maeda N (2002) Minireview: estrogen andmousemodels of atherosclerosis. Endocrinology 143:4495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Jacobs MN, Lewis DF (2002) Steroid hormone receptors and dietary ligands: a selected review. Proc Nutr Soc 61:105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Jensen EV (1991) Overview of the nuclear receptor family. In: Parker M (ed) Nuclear hormone receptor. Academic, London, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  45. Jordan VC, Murphy CS (1990) Endocrine pharmacology of antiestrogens as antitumor agents. Endocr Rev 11:578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jordan VC (2001) Selective estrogen receptor modulation: a personal perspective. Cancer Res 61:5683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jordan VC (2002) The secrets of selective estrogen receptor modulation: cell-specific coregulation. Cancer Cell 1:215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kassis JA, Gorski J (1983) On the mechanism of estrogen receptor replenishment: recycling, resynthesis and/or processing. Mol Cell Biochem 52:27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P (1995) Nonsteroid nuclear receptors: what are genetic studies telling us about their role in real life? Cell 83:859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kelly MJ, Wagner EJ (1999) Estrogen modulation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 10:369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. King WJ, Greene GL (1984) Monoclonal antibodies localize oestrogen receptor in the nuclei of target cells. Nature 307:745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Klug A, Rhodes D (1987) “Zinc finger” a novel protein motif for nucleic acid recognition. Trends Biochem Sci 12:464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Korach KS (1994) Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor. Science 266:1524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Korach SK, Couse JF, Curtis SW, Wahsburn TF, Linzdey J, Kimbro KS, Eddy EM, Miglacchio S, Snedeker SM, Lubhan DB, Schomberg DW, Smith EP (1996) Estrogen receptor gene disruption: molecular characterization and experimental and clinical phenotypes. Rec Prog Horm Res 51:159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Krege JH, Hodgin JB, Couse JF, Enmark E, Warner M, Mahler JF, Sar M, Korack K, Gustafsson JA (1998) Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Haggblad J, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA (1996) Comparison of the ligand binding specificity ans transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptor alpha and beta. Endocrinology 138:863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Haggblad J, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA (1996) Cloning of a novel estrogen receptor in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kumar V, Chambon P (1988) The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive elements as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell 55:145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kumar V, Green S, Stack G, Berry M, Jin JR, Chambon P (1987) Functional domains of the human estrogen receptor. Cell 51:941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lathers CM (2002) Endocrine disruptors: a new scientific role for clinical pharmacologists? Impact on human health, wildlife, and the environment. J Clin Pharmacol 2:7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Lee AV, Cui X, Oesterreich S (2002) Cross-talk among estrogen receptor, epidermal growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor signaling in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7(12 Suppl):4429s

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lee MS, Gippert, GP, Soman KV, Case DA, Wright PE (1989) Three-dimensional solution structure of a single zinc finger DNA-binding domain. Science 245:635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Levin ER (2002) Cellular functions of plasma membrane estrogen receptors. Steroids 67:471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lones D, Mark M, Mendehlson C, Dollé P, Decimo D, Chambon P (1995) Developmental roles of the retinoic acid receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Luzardo OP, Machín RP, Díaz-Chico BN, Fernández L (2000) Photoaffinity labeling identification of a specific binding protein for the anabolic steroids stanozolol and danazol: an oligomeric protein regulated by age, pituitary hormones, and ethinyl estradiol. Endocrinology 141:3377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. MacGregor JI, Jordan VC (1998) Basic guide to the mechanisms of antiestrogen action. Pharmacol Rev 50:151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Machado JD, Alonso C, Morales A, Borges R (2002) A novel nongenomic action of estrogens: the regulation of exocytotic kinetics. Ann NY Acad Sci 971:284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mangelsdorf DJ, Thrummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schütz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P, Evans RM (1995) The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 83:835

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. McDonnell DP, Clemm DL, Imhof MO (1994) RU486 exerts antiestrogenic activities through a novel progesterone receptor A form-mediated mechanism. J Biol Chem 269:11945

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McDonnell DP, Norris JD (2002) Connections and regulation of the human estrogen receptor. Science 296:1642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. McDonnell DP (1999) The molecular pharmacology of SERMs. Trends Endocrinol Metab 10:301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. McEwen BS, Alves SE (1999) Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocr Rev 20:279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. McGuire WL, Chamness GC, Fuqua SAW (1991) Estrogen receptor variants and clinical breast cancer. Mol Endocrinol 5:1571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. McKenna NJ, Lanz RB, O’Malley BW (1999) Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology. Endocr Rev 20:321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Melnick R, Lucier G, Wolfe M, Hall R, Stancel G, Prins G, Gallo M, Reuhl K, Ho SM, Brown T, Moore J, Leakey J, Haseman J, Kohn M (2002) Summary of the National Toxicology Program’s report of the endocrine disruptors low-dose peer review. Environ Health Perspect 110:427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mendelsohn ME (2002) Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature. Am J Cardiol 90:3F

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mester J, Baulieu EE (1995) Nuclear receptor superfamily. In: DeGroot L (ed) Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 93

    Google Scholar 

  78. Miglaccio A, Piccolo D, Castoria G, DiDomenico M, Bilancio A, Lombardi M, Gong W, Beato M, Auricchio F (1998) Activation of the Src/p21 (ras)/Erk pathway by progesterone receptor via cross-talk with estrogen receptor. EMBO J 17: 2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Munck A, Tóth ANF (1995)Glucocorticoid action. In: DeGroot L (ed) Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 1642

    Google Scholar 

  80. Nakata K (2002) Theoretical approach to endocrine disruptors. Front Biosci 7:c68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Navarro D, León L, Chirino R, Fernández L, Pestano J, Díaz-Chico BN (1998) The two native estrogen receptor forms of 8S and 4S present in cytosol from human uterine tissues display opposite reactivity with tamoxifen aziridine and the estrogen response element. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 64:49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Navarro D, Luzardo OP, Fernández L, Chesa N, Díaz-Chico BN (2002) Transition to androgen independence in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 171:1

    Google Scholar 

  83. Nilsson S, Mäkelä S, Treuter E, Tujangue M, Thomsen J, Anderson G, Enmark E, Pettersson K, Warner M, Gustafsson JA (2001) Mechanisms of estrogen action. Physiol Rev 81:1535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. O’Malley B, Means AR (1974) Female steroid hormones and target cell nuclei. Science 183:610

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. O’Malley BW (1990) The steroid receptor superfamily: more excitement predicted for the future. Mol Endocrinol 4:363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Osborne CK, Schiff R, Fuqua SA, Shou J (2001) Estrogen receptor: current understanding of its activation and modulation. Clin Cancer Res 7(12 Suppl): 4338s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Palmieri C, Cheng GJ, Saji S, Zelada-Hedman M, Warri A, Weihua Z, Van Noorden S, Wahlstrom T, Coombes RC, Warner M, Gustafsson JA (2002) Estrogen receptor beta in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 9:1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Pasqualini JR, Chetrite G, Nguyen BL, Maoloche C, Delalonde M, Talbi M, Feinstein MC, Blacker C, Botella J and Paris J (1995) Estrone sulfate-sulfatase and 17 β-hidroxisteroid dehydrogenase activities: a hypothesis for their role in the evolution of human breast cancer from hormone-dependence to hormone-independence. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Pettersson K, Delaunay F, Gustafsson J-Å (2000) Estrogen receptor beta acts as a dominant regulator of estrogen signaling. Oncogene 19:4970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Picard D, Yamamoto KR (1987) Two signals mediate hormone dependent nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J 6:3333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ponglikitmongkol M, Green S, Chambon P (1988) Genomic organization of the human oestrogen receptor gene. EMBO J 7:3385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Powles TJ (2002) Anti-oestrogenic prevention of breast cancer — the make or break point. Nat Rev Cancer 2:787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Quingley CA, DeBellis A, Marschke KB, El-Awady MK, Wilson EM, French FS (1995) Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical and molecular perspectives. Endocr Rev 16:271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Ratajczak T, Carrello A, Mark PJ, Warner BJ, Simpson B, Moritz RL, House AK (1993) The cyclophilin component of the unactivated estrogen receptor contains a tetratricopeptide repeat domain and shares identity with p59 (FKBP 59). J Biol Chem 268:13187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Redeuilh G, Moncharmont B, Secco C, Baulieu EE (1987) Subunit composition of the molybdate stabilized 8-9S nontransformed estradiol receptor purified from calf uterus. J Biol Chem 262:6969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Revelli A, Massobrio M, Tesarik J (1998) Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones in reproductive tissues. Endocr Rev 19:3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Riggs BL, Hartmann LC (2003) Selective estrogen-receptor modulators — mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice. N Engl J Med 348:618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Rubanyi GM, Kauser K, Johns A (2002) Role of estrogen receptors in the vascular system. Vascul Pharmacol 38:81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Safe S (1998) Interactions between hormones and chemicals in breast cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Scott GK, Kushner P, Vigne JL, Benz CC (1991) Truncated forms of DNA-binding estrogen receptors in human breast cancer. J Clin Invest 88:700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Segars JH, Driggers PH (2002) Estrogen action and cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Part I: Membrane-associated signaling complexes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13:349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Segnitz B, Ghering U (1995) Native structure of the estrogen receptor of MCF-7 cells “in vivo”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:2179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Seiler-Tuyns A, Walker P, Martinez E, Merillat AM, Givel F, Wahli W (1986) Identification of estrogen-responsive DNA sequences by transient expression experiments in a human breast cancer cell line. Nucleic Acids Res 14:8755

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Shang Y, Brown M (2002) Molecular determinants for the tissue specificity of SERMs. Science 295:2465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Shiau AK, Barstad D, Loria PM, Cheng L, Kushner PJ, Agard DA, Greene GL (1998) The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen. Cell 95:927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Brown SMT, Moore J, Leakey J, Haseman J, Kohn M (2002) Summary of the National Toxicology Program’s report of the endocrine disruptors low-dose peer review. Environ Health Perspect 110:427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Smith CL, Nawaz Z, O’Malley BW (1997) Coactivator and corepressor regulation of the agonist/antagonist activity of the mixed antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Mol Endocrinol 11:657

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GP, Lubhan DB, Korack KS (1994) Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med 331:1056

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Smith FS, Toft DO (1993) Steroid receptors and their associated proteins. Mol Endocrinol 7:4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (1998) An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 65:143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Toft DO, Gorski J (1966) A receptor molecule for estrogens: isolation from rat uterus and preliminary characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 5:1574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Tora L, Gaub MP, Mader S, Dierich A, Bellard M, Chambon P (1988) Cell-specific activity of a GGTCA half-palindromic oestrogen responsive element in the chicken ovoalbumin gene promoter. EMBO J 7:3771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Tora L, White J, Brou C, Tasset D, Webster N, Scheer E, Chambon P (1989) The human estrogen receptor has two independent nonacidis transcriptional activation functions. Cell 59:477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Tzukerman MT, Esty A, Santiso-Mere D, Danielian P, Parker MG, Stein RB, Pike JW, McDonnell DP (1994) Human estrogen receptor transactivational capacity is determined by both cellular and promoter context and mediated by two functionally distinct intramolecular regions. Mol Endocrinol 8:21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Vasudevan N, Ogawa S, Pfaff D (2002) Estrogen and thyroid hormone receptor interactions: physiological flexibility by molecular specificity. Physiol Rev 82:923

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Vigushin DM, Coombes RC (2002) Histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer treatment. Anticancer Drugs 13:1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wakeling AE (1993) The future of new pure antiestrogens in clinical breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 25:1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Welshons WV, Lieberman ME, Gorski J (1984) Nuclear localization of unoccupied oestrogen receptors. Nature 307:747

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. White RE (2002) Estrogen and vascular function. Vascul Pharmacol 38:73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Cowley SM, Parker MG (1999) A comparison of transcriptional activation by ER alpha and ER beta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 69:165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. McDonnell DP, Clemm DL, Hermann T, Goldman ME, Pike JW (1995) Analysis of estrogen receptor function in vitro reveals three distinct classes of antiestrogens. Mol Endocrinol 9:659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. McInerney EM, Weis KE, Sun J, Mosselman S, Katzenellenbogen BS (1998) Transcription activation by the human estrogen receptor subtype beta (ERb) studied with ERa and ERb receptor chimeras. Endocrinology 139:4513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Barkhem T, Carlsson B, Nilsson Y, Enmark E, Gustafsson J-Å, Nilsson S (1998) Differential response of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta to partial estrogen agonists/antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 54:105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Díaz Chico, B.N., Bosch, D.N., Díaz Chico, J.C., Escriche, E.E. (2006). Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen Action in Target Tissues. In: Sanchez, A.C., Calaf i Alsina, J., Dueñas-Díez, JL. (eds) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-34742-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-34742-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24227-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-34742-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics