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Shape-Memory Polymer Composites

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Shape-Memory Polymers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 226))

Abstract

The development of shape-memory polymer composites (SMPCs) enables high recovery stress levels as well as novel functions such as electrical conductivity, magnetism, and biofunctionality. In this review chapter the substantial enhancement in mechanical properties of shape-memory polymers (SMPs) by incorporating small amounts of stiff fillers will be highlighted exemplarily for clay and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). Three different functions resulting from adding functional fillers to SMP-matrices will be introduced and discussed: magnetic SMPCs with different types of magnetic nanoparticles, conductive SMPCs based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), short carbon fiber (SCF), and biofunctional SMPCs containing hydroxyapatite (HA). Indirect induction of the shape-memory effect (SME) was realized for magnetic and conductive SMPCs either by exposure to an alternating magnetic field or by application of electrical current. Major challenges in design and fundamental understanding of polymer composites are the complexity of the composite structure, and the relationship between structural parameters and properties/functions, which is essential for tailoring SMPCs for specific applications. Therefore the novel functions and enhanced properties of SMPCs will be described considering the micro-/nanostructural parameters, such as dimension, shape, distribution, volume fraction, and alignment of fillers as well as interfacial interaction between the polymer matrix and dispersed fillers. Finally, an outlook is given describing the future challenges of this exciting research field as well as potential applications including automotive, aerospace, sensors, and biomedical applications.

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Abbreviations

β-TCP:

β-Tricalcium phosphate

εm :

Maximum deformation, parameter in cyclic, thermomechanical tests

εu(N):

Free state deformation after cooling

ϕ:

Volume fraction

ϕc :

Critical volume fraction

ρ:

Volume resistivity

σmax :

Maximum stress

BD:

1,4-Butanediol

CB:

Carbon black

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

DMTA:

Dynamic mechanical analysis at varied temperatures

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

f :

Frequency

Fe3O4 :

Iron (II,III) oxide

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

G ′ :

Shear storage modules determined in dynamic mechanical test

G ′′ :

Shear loss modules determined in dynamic mechanical test

H :

Magnetic field strength

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

MAI:

Macroazo initiator

MDI:

Methylene bis(p-cyclohexyl isocyanate)

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

N :

Number of thermomechanical cycle

Na-MMT:

Sodium montmorillonite

Ni 1−x Zn x Fe2O4 :

Nickel zinc ferrite magnetic particles

PBS:

Phosphate buffer saline solution

PCL:

Poly(ε-caprolactone)

PDLLA:

Poly(rac-lactide)

PE:

Polyethylene

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PEMA:

Poly(ethyl methacrylate)

POSS:

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

PPDO:

Poly(p-dioxanone)

PS:

Polystyrene

PTMG:

Poly(tetramethylene glycol)

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

R f(N):

Shape fixity rate in cycle number N

R r(N):

Shape recovery rate in cycle number N

SCF:

Short carbon fiber

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SiC:

Silicon carbide

SiO2 :

Silicon oxide

SMAs:

Shape-memory metallic alloys

SME:

Shape-memory effect

SMP:

Shape-memory polymer composites

SMPs:

Shape-memory polymers

SMPU:

Shape-memory polyurethane

S∕V :

Surface to volume ratio

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotube

T C :

Curie temperature

T d :

Deformation temperature, parameter in cyclic, thermomechanical tests

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TFX:

Polyetherurethane prepared from MDI, BD, and PTMG

T g :

Glass transition temperature

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

T high :

High temperature, parameter in cyclic, thermomechanical tests

T low :

Low temperature, parameter in cyclic, thermomechanical tests

T m :

Melting temperature

T progm :

Programming temperature, parameter in cyclic, thermomechanical tests

T σ−max :

Temperature at maximum stress during constraint strain recovery

T trans :

Thermal transition temperature

VSM:

Vibrating sample magnetometry

WAXD:

Wide angle X-ray diffraction

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Biomaterial Development, Institute of Polymer Research, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Kantstraße 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany

    Samy A. Madbouly & Andreas Lendlein

  2. Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Cairo University, Orman-Giza, 12613, Egypt

    Samy A. Madbouly

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  1. Samy A. Madbouly
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  2. Andreas Lendlein
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Correspondence to Andreas Lendlein .

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  1. Geesthacht GmbH, Institut für Chemie, GKSS Forschungszentrum, Kantstraße 5, Teltow, 14513, Germany

    Andreas Lendlein

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Madbouly, S.A., Lendlein, A. (2009). Shape-Memory Polymer Composites. In: Lendlein, A. (eds) Shape-Memory Polymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 226. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2009_28

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