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Starting Up Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

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Geobiotechnology II

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 142))

Abstract

This chapter gives the reader a practical introduction into microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) including the microbial production of natural gas from oil. Decision makers who consider the use of one of these technologies are provided with the required scientific background as well as with practical advice for upgrading an existing laboratory in order to conduct microbiological experiments. We believe that the conversion of residual oil into natural gas (methane) and the in situ production of biosurfactants are the most promising approaches for MEOR and therefore focus on these topics. Moreover, we give an introduction to the microbiology of oilfields and demonstrate that in situ microorganisms as well as injected cultures can help displace unrecoverable oil in place (OIP). After an initial research phase, the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) manager must decide whether MEOR would be economical. MEOR generally improves oil production but the increment may not justify the investment. Therefore, we provide a brief economical assessment at the end of this chapter. We describe the necessary state-of-the-art scientific equipment to guide EOR managers towards an appropriate MEOR strategy. Because it is inevitable to characterize the microbial community of an oilfield that should be treated using MEOR techniques, we describe three complementary start-up approaches. These are: (i) culturing methods, (ii) the characterization of microbial communities and possible bio-geochemical pathways by using molecular biology methods, and (iii) interfacial tension measurements. In conclusion, we hope that this chapter will facilitate a decision on whether to launch MEOR activities. We also provide an update on relevant literature for experienced MEOR researchers and oilfield operators. Microbiologists will learn about basic principles of interface physics needed to study the impact of microorganisms living on oil droplets. Last but not least, students and technicians trying to understand processes in oilfields and the techniques to examine them will, we hope, find a valuable source of information in this review.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term “biocracking” refers to thermal cracking, usually used in the refining industry to break large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones, which is essentially what microorganisms do at much lower temperature.

Abbreviations

16S rRNA:

Ribosomal RNA of a sedimentation rate of 16 Svedberg

A :

Surface area of an oil droplet

alk :

Alkane hydroxylase gene

apsA :

Adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase gene

bbl:

Barrel (oil)

CARD-FISH:

Catalyzed reporter deposition, fluorescence in situ hybridization

cDNA:

Complementary DNA for an RNA strand

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

dsrAB :

Dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase gene

DGGE:

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

E :

Elasticity

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate

EOR:

Enhanced oil recovery

EPS:

Extracellular polymeric substances

f :

Frequency

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

g :

Gravity force

ΔG :

Gibbs free energy

γ:

Interfacial tension

HOT:

Hot oil treatment

licA :

Lichenysin A synthetase gene

μ:

Viscosity

mcr :

Methyl coenzyme M reductase gene

MEOR:

Microbial enhanced oil recovery

MIC:

Microbial influenced corrosion

MPN:

Most probable number

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

nar :

Nitrate reductase gene

nir :

Nitrite reductase gene

nor :

Nitrite oxidoreductase gene

nos :

Nitric oxide synthase gene

nrf :

Nitrite reductase gene (to ammonium)

NTA:

Nitrilotriacetic acid

OIP:

Oil in place

omc :

Outer-membrane cytochrome gene

omp :

Outer-membrane multicopper protein gene

P :

Pressure

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PLFA:

Phospholipid-derived fatty acids

psia:

Pounds per square inch

qPCR:

Quantitative PCR

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RT-qPCR:

Reverse transcription-qPCR

SAC:

Surface active compound

sfp :

Surfactin synthesizing protein gene

SIP:

Stable isotope probing

srf :

sfp operon (sfp gene cluster)

θ:

Contact angle

SSU:

Small subunit

T-RFLP:

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism

V :

Volume

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to the anonymous reviewer for helpful comments as well as to Matthew Yates of the Pennsylvania State University for correcting the English language of this text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 127 Sackett Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Michael Siegert

  2. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Jana Sitte & Martin Krüger

  3. Department of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Alexander Galushko

Authors
  1. Michael Siegert
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  2. Jana Sitte
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  3. Alexander Galushko
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  4. Martin Krüger
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Siegert .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. BGR - Fachbereich Geochemie d. Rohstoffe, Hannover, Germany

    Axel Schippers

  2. G.E.O.S. Ingenieursgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, Germany

    Franz Glombitza

  3. Fakultät für Chemie - Biofilm Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Wolfgang Sand

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables A.1, A.2 and A.3.

Table A.1 Microbial strains that were isolated from oilfields and their growth conditions
Full size table
Table A.2 Microbial isolates that are able to degrade hydrocarbons
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Table A.3 Values for the surface tension and the interfacial tension (γ) for certain microbial strains and pure surfactants
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Siegert, M., Sitte, J., Galushko, A., Krüger, M. (2013). Starting Up Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery. In: Schippers, A., Glombitza, F., Sand, W. (eds) Geobiotechnology II. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 142. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2013_256

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