Skip to main content

Work Motivation in Asia

Review and Future Directions

  • Chapter
Handbook of Asian Management

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alpander, G.G. and Carter, K.D. 1991. Strategic multinational intra-company differences in employee motivation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 6: 25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ancona, D.G., Goodman, P.S., Lawrence, B.S. and Tushman, M.L. 2001. Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26: 645–663.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Au, K.Y. 1999. Intra-cultural variation: Evidence and implications for international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4): 799–812.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, T.E. 1992. Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35: 232–244.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, T.E., Billings, R.S., Eveleth, D.M. and Gilbert, N.L. 1996. Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 464–482.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J.W. 1969. On cross-cultural comparability. International Journal of Psychology, 4: 119–128.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J.W. 1997. An ecocultural approach to the study of cross-cultural industrial/organizational psychology. InP.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial-Organizational Psychology. San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J. 1993. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt and W.C. Borman (eds.), Personality Selection (pp. 71–98). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. 1998. The conceptualisation and analysis of change over time: An integrative approach incorporating longitudinal means and covariance structures analysis (LMACS) and multiple indicator latent growth modeling (MLGM). Organizational Research Methods, 1: 421–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. 2002. Questions about change over time in cross-cultural organizational research. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19: 449–457.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, W.C., Wong, W.K., Teo, G. and Fam, A. 1997. The motivation to achieve in Singapore: In search of a core construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 23: 885–895.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Chay, Y.W. and Aryee, S. 1999. Potential moderating influence of career growth opportunities on careerist orientation and work attitudes: Evidence of the protean career era in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(5): 613–623.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C.C., Chen, X.P. and Meindl, J.R. 1998. How can cooperation be fostered? The cultural effects of individualism-collectivism. Academy of Management Review, 23: 285–304.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X.P., Hui, C. and Sego, D. (1998). The role of organizational citizenship behavior in turnover: Conceptualization and preliminary tests of key hypothesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 922–931.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Clugston, M., Howell, J.P. and Dorfman, P.W. 2000. Does culture socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Academy of Management Journal, 26: 5–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, A.J., Kotabe, M., Lim, C. and Michaels, R.E. 1994. Differences in motivational perceptions among U.S., Japanese, and Korean sales personnel. Journal of Business Research, 30: 175–185.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P.C. 1999. Playing follow the leader: Status-determining traits in relation to collective efficacy across cultures. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 80: 192–212.

    Article  PubMed  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P.C. and Singh, H. 2000. Innovations in International and Cross-cultural Management. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.L. and Cheng, B.S. 1999. A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J.T. Li, A.S. Tsui and E. Weldon (eds.), Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context (pp. 84–127). London: MacMillan Press Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.L., Earley, P.C. and Lin, S.C. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 421–444.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., Bond, M., Heaven, P., Hilton, D., Lobel, T., Masters, J., Payne, M., Rajamanickam, R., Stacey, B. and Van Daalen, H.A. 1993. Comparison of Protestant work ethic beliefs in thirteen nations. Journal of Social Psychology, 133: 185–197.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, P.S., Lawrence, B.S., Ancona, D.G. and Tushman, M.L. 2001. Introduction to special topic forum on time and organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 26: 507–511.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, P.S. and Whetten, D.A. 1998. Fifty years of organizational behavior from multiple perspectives. In M. Neufeld and J. McKelvey (eds.), Industrial Relations: The Dawn of the New Millennium (pp. 33–53). Ithaca, NY: Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, H. 1957. Manual for the California Personality Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, C. and Sitkin, S.B. 2001. Big-B versus Big-O: What is organizational about organizational behavior? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 43–58.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Helmreich, R.L., Beane, W., Luker, G.W. and Spence, J.T. 1978. Achievement motivation and scientific attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4: 222–226.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Helmreich, R.L. and Spence, J.T. 1978. Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire: An objective instrument to assess components of achievement motivation and attitudes toward family and career. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8: 1677–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, F. 1966. Work and the Nature of Man. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G.H. 1984. Culture’ Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hui, C., Lee, C. and Rousseau, D.M. 2002. Psychological contract and organizational citizenship behaviors in China: Exploring generalizability and instrumentality. Northeastern University working paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns, G. 2001. In praise of context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 31–42.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, A. 1964. The Conduct of Inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Chandler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, K.J., Tosi, H. and Cannella, Jr., A.A. 1999. Multilevel theory building: benefits, barriers, and new developments. Academy of Management Review, 24: 243–248.

    ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeber, A.L. and Kluckhohn, C. 1952. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, S.S.K., Hui, C. and Law, K.s. 1999. Organizational citizenship behavior: Comparing perspectives of supervisors and subordinates across four international samples. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 595–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, J.R., Dollinger, M.J. and Marino, K.E. 1987. Aggregation bias in strategic decisionmaking research. Journal of Management, 13: 689–702.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, C.M. 2002. Asian management research: Frontiers and challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19: 171–178.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Law, K.S., Lee, C., Farh, J.L. and Pillutla, M.M. 2001. Organizational justice perceptions of employees in the PRC: A grounded investigation. Paper presented at the Global Business and Technology Association 2001 International Conference, July 11–15, 2001, Istanbul, Turkey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Bobko, P. and Chen, Z.X. 2002. Investigation of the multidimensional model of job insecurity: Are all components necessary. Northeastern University working paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. and Farh, J.L. (in press). Group efficacy and outcomes: Moderating role of gender diversity. Applied Psychology: An International Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Pillutla, M. and Law, K.S. 2000. Power-distance, gender and organizational justice. Journal of Management, 26: 685–704.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Tinsley, C.H. and Bobko, P. 2002. An investigation of the antecedents and consequences of group-level confidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32: 1628–1652.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Tinsley, C.H. and Bobko, P. 2003. Cross-cultural variance in goal orientations and their effects. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52: 271–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Tinsley, C.H. and Chen, Z.X. 2000. Psychological normative contracts of work group members in the U.S. and Hong Kong. In D.M. Rousseau and M.J.D. Schalk (eds.), Psychological Contracts in Employment: Cross-Cultural Perspective (pp. 87–103). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K., Allen, N.J., Meyer, J.P. and Rhee, K.Y. 2001. The three-component model of organizational commitment: An application to South Korea. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50: 596–614.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J.T. and Tsui, A.S. 2002. A citation analysis of management and organizational research in the Chinese context: 1984–1999. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19: 87–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A.H. 1954. Motivation and Personality. NY: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D.C. 1961. The Achieving Society. New Jersey: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. 1991. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management, 1: 61–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T.R. and James, L.R. 2001. Building better theory: Time and the specification of when things happen. Academy of Management Review, 26: 530–547.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M.W., Leung, K., Ames, D. and Lickel, B. 1999. Views from inside and outside: Integrating emic and etic insights about culture and justice judgment. Academy of Management Review, 24: 781–796.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Niles, S. 1998. Achievement goals and means: A cultural comparison. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 29(5): 656–667.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.G. 1984. Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91: 328–346.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, K.L. 1966. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Moorman, R.H. and Fetter, R. 1990. Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 107–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L.W. 1996. Forty years of organization studies: Reflections from a micro perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 262–269.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Przeworski, A. 1987. Methods of cross-national research, 1970-83: an overview. In M. Dierkes et al. (eds.), Comparative Policy Research: Learning from Experience. Aldershot: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragin, C. 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddin, W.J. and Sullivan, B. (1977). XYZ Test. Fredericton, Canada: Organizational Tests.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, W.S. 1950. Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review, 15: 351–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M. 1985. Issues of level in organizational research: Multi-level and cross-level perspectives. In B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 7, pp. 1–37). Jai Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M. 1997. Organizational behavior in the new organizational era. Annual Review of Psychology, 48: 515–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D.M. and Fried, Y. 2001. Location, location, location: Contextualizing organizational research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 1–13.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Sartori, G. 1994. Compare why and how. In M. Dogan and A. Kazancigil (eds.), Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sego, D., Hui, C. and Law, K.S. 1997. Operationalizing cultural values as the mean of individual values: Problems and suggestions for research. In C. Earley and M. Erez (eds.), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 148–159). San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverthorne, C.P. 1996. Motivation and management styles in the public and private sectors in Taiwan and a comparison with United States. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26: 1827–1837.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal, R. and Misra, G. 1989. Variations in achievement cognitions: The role of ecology, age and gender. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13(1): 93–107.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Swierczek, F.W. 1991. Leadership and culture: Comparing Asian managers. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 12(7): 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, A.S., Farh, J.L. and Xin, K.R. 2000. Guanxi in the Chinese context. In J.T. Li, A.S. Tsui and E. Weldon (eds.), Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context (pp. 225–244). New York: St. Martin’ Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turban, D.B., Lau, C.M., Ngo, H.Y., Chow, I.H.S. and Si, S.X. 2001. Organizational attractiveness of firms in the People’ Republic of China: A person-organization fit perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 194–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Vijver, F. and Leung, K. 1997. Methods and Data Analysis for Cross-cultural Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S. 2002. Rigor and relevance in Asian management research: Where are we and where can we go? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19: 287–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, P., Lee, A.M. and Solmon, M.A. 1997. Achievement goals and their correlates among American and Chinese students in physical education: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 28(6): 645–660.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, J.L. 1996. Karasek’ model in the People’ Republic of China: Effects of job demands, control, and individual differences. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1594–1618.

    Article  ISI  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, H., Beech, J.R., Hampson, S.L. and Lynn, R. 1991. Japanese-British differences on achievement-related motives. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology, 34: 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, H., Lynn, R. and Rendell, I. 1994. Gender differences in work motivations and attitudes in Japan and Northern Ireland. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology, 37: 195–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, A.B. 1996. Ultimate life concerns, self, and Chinese achievement motivation. In M.H. Bond (ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology (pp. 227–246). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hui, C., Kwong, J.Y.Y., Lee, C. (2004). Work Motivation in Asia. In: Leung, K., White, S. (eds) Handbook of Asian Management. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7932-X_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7932-X_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7754-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-7932-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics