Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Etiology of Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer

  • Chapter
Cercival Cancer: From Etiology to Prevention

Part of the book series: Cancer Prevention — Cancer Causes ((CPCC,volume 2))

Abstract

Cervical cancer is singular in many aspects. It is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in many developing countries yet it is a preventable and treatable cancer in populations with adequate cytology-based screening programs and health services. It is viral in origin and a few human papillomavirus (HPV) types are involved in the origin of the largest fraction of cases worldwide. This recognition is leading the field to explore HPV vaccines as one of the promising preventive options for the future. The relevant risk factors for exposure to HPV and for progression to cancer include deeply rooted behavioral traits such as some aspects of sexual behavior, some reproductive and contraceptive practices, and smoking patterns. These are complex behaviors, difficult to understand and modify in any meaningful way.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, vol. VII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 143 ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, Muñoz N, de Sanjosé S, Ghaffari AM, González LC et al. Male sexual behavior and Human Papillomavirus DNA: key risk factors for cervical cancer in Spain. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1060–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer C J, Shah KV. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:244–265.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Manos M, Muñoz N, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:796–802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Muñoz N, Chichareon S, et al. HPV and cervical adenocarcinoma: an IARC based multicentric case-control study. In: Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Moreno V, Ribes J, editors. 18th International Papillomavirus Conference — program and abstracts book. Barcelona: Thau, S.L., 2000: 131 (Available on line: http:/www.hpv2000.com).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Muñoz N,, de Sanjosé S et al. Risk Factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer 1992; 52:750–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Muñoz N,, de Sanjosé S et al. Human Papilloma virus and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade III/Carcinoma in situ:a case-control study in Spain and Colombia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2:415–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1105–1112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellsagué X, Ghaffari A, Daniel RW, et. al. Prevalence of penile human papillomavirus DNA in husbands of women with and without cervical neoplasia: A study in Spain and Colombia. J Infect Dis 1997; 176:353–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castle PE, Hillier SL, Rabe LK, et al. An Association of cervical inflammation with high-grade cervical neoplasia in women infected with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:1021–1027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Sanjosé S, Muñoz N, Bosch FX, et al. Sexually transmitted agents and cervical neoplasia in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:358–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon J, Peto J, Yule R, et al. Sexual behaviour and smoking as determinants of cervical HPV infection and of CIN3 among those infected: a case-control study nested within the Manchester cohort. Br J Cancer 2000; 88:1565–1572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. Globocan 2000: Cancer incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 1.0. IARC CancerBase No. 5. IARC Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi S, Castellsague X, dal Maso L, et al. Prevalence and determinants of human papillomavirus genital infection in men. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:705–711.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco EL, Villa LL, Sobrinho JP, et al. Epidemiology of acquisition and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection in women from a high-risk area for cervical cancer. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:1415–1423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakim IA, Harris RB, Weisgerber UM. Tea Intake and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: influence of type of tea beverages. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9:727–731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Bratti C, et al. Population-based study of human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in rural Costa Rica. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:464–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildesheim A, Herrero R, Castle PE, et al. HPV co-factors related to the development of cervical cancer: results from a population-based study in Costa Rica. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1219–1226.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho GYF, Bierman R, Beardsley L, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 1998; 338, 423–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josefsson AM, Magnusson PK, Ylitalo N, et al. Viral load of human papilloma virus 16 as a determinant for development of cervical carcinoma in situ: a nested case-control study. Lancet 2000; 355:2189–2193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjaer SK. Risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. APMIS Suppl 1998; 80:1–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjaer SK, Van den Brule AJC, Bock JE, et al. Human Papilloma virus — The most significant risk determinant of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:601–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koskela P, Anttila T, Björge T, et al. Chlamydia Trachomatis infection as a risk factor for invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2000; 85:35–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazcano Ponce E, Herrero R, Muñoz N, et al. Epidemiology on HPV infection among mexican women with normal cervical cytology. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw K, Hsing AW, Chen ChJ, et al. Human papilloma virus and cervical neoplasia: a case-control study in Taiwan. Int J Cancer 1995; 62:565–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makni H, Franco EL, Kaiano J, et al. p53 polymorphism in codon 72 and risk of human papillomavirus-induced cervical neoplasia:Effect of inter-laboratory variation. Int J Cancer 2000; 87:528–533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002; 359:1085–1092.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno V, Muñoz N, Bosch FX, et al. Risk factors for progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm grade III to invasive cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995; 4:459–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Chichareon S, et al. A multinational case-control study on the risk of cervical cancer linked to 25 HPV types: which are the high-risk types? In: Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Moreno V, Ribes J, eds. International Papillomavirus Conference- Program and abstracts book. Barcelona: Thau S.L., 2000: 125 (Available online: http://www.hpv2000.com).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz N, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, et al. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002; 359:1093–1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nobbenhuis MA, Heimerhorst TJ, van Den Brule AJ, et al. Cytological regression and clearance of high-risk human papillomavirus in women with an abnormal cervical smear. Lancet 2001; 358:1782–1783.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nobbenhuis MA, Walboomers JM, Heimerhorst TJ, et al. Relation of human papillomavirus status to cervical lesions and consequences for cervical-cancer screening: a prospective study. Lancet 1999; 354:20–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nobbenhuis MAE, Meijer CJLM, Van den Brule AJC, et al. Addition of high-risk HPV testing improves the current guidelines on follow-up after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:796–801.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen AO, Gjoen K, Sauer T, et al. Human papilloma virus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II-III: A population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:312–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potischman N, Brinton LA. Nutrition and cervical neoplasia. Cancer Causes Control 1996; 7:113–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Public Health Service 2. Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Women and Smoking. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/tobacco. 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozendaal L, Walboomers JM, van der Linden JC, et al. PCR-based high-risk HPV test in cervical cancer screening gives objective risk assessment of women with cytomorphologically normal cervical smears. Int J Cancer 1996; 68:766–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rozendaal L, Westerga J, van der Linden JC, et al. PCR based high risk HPV testing is superior to neutral network based screening for predicting incident CIN III in women with normal cytology and borderline changes. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:606–611.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman MH, Bauer HM, Hoover RN, et al. Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85:958–964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlecht NF, Kulaga S, Robitaille J, et al. Persistent human papillomavirus infection as a predictor of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Am Med Assoc 2001; 286:3106–3114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah KV, Howley PM. Papillomaviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DN, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996, pp 2077–2109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JS, Muñoz N, Herrero R, et al. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer in Brazil and the Philippines. J Infect Dis 2002a; 185:324–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JS, Herrero R, Bosetti C, et al. Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiologyof invasive cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002b; 94:1604–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern P, Duggan-Keen M. MHC expression in the natural history of cervical cancer. In: Stern PL, Stanley MA, eds. Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer. Biology and immunology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994: 162–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey A, Thomas M, Kalita A, et al. Role of a p53 polymorphism in the development of human papillomavirus-associated cancer. Nature 1998; 393:229–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szarewski A, Cuzick J. Smoking and cervical neoplasia: a review of the evidence. J Epidemiol Biostat 1998; 3(3):229–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas DB, Ray RM, Koetsawang A, et al. Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer in Bangkok. I. Risk Factors for invasive cervical carcinomas with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 DNA. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:723–731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Brule AJC, Kjaer SK, Munk C. Development of HPV induced cervical intraepithelial neoplasias: infection with Chamdya tractomatis as a possible cofactor. In: Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, et al., eds. 18th International Papillomavirus Conference — program and abstracts book. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walboomers JMM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999; 189:12–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin KL, Wiklund F, Ängström T, et al. Type-specific persistence of human papillomavirus DNA before the developments of invasive Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1633–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, et al. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2001; 357:1831–1836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ylitalo N, Josefsson A, Melbye M, et al. A Prospective Study Showing Long-Term Infecton with Human Papillomavirus 16 before the Development of Cervical Carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6027–6032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zehbe I, Voglino G, Wilander E, et al. p53 codon 72 polymorphism and various human papillomavirus 16 E6 genotypes are risk factors for cervical cancer development. Papillomavirus Report 2001; 12:66–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski GD, Snijders PJF, Rozendaal L, et al. High-risk HPV testing in women with borderline and mild dyskaryosis: long-term follow-up data and clinical relevance. J Pathol 2001; 193:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski GD, Snijders PJF, Rozendaal L, et al. HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women developing cervical cancer and signals false negative smears. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:398–404.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses causing cancer: Evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. Review. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:690–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Servei d’Epidemiologia I Registre, Cancer Institut Catalia d’Oncologia, Spain

    F. Xavier Bosch M.D., M.P.H.

Authors
  1. F. Xavier Bosch M.D., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

    Thomas E. Rohan M.B.B.S., Ph.D. (Professor Chairman) (Professor Chairman)

  2. Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Keerti V. Shah M.D., Dr.P.H. (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bosch, F.X. (2004). The Etiology of Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer. In: Rohan, T.E., Shah, K.V. (eds) Cercival Cancer: From Etiology to Prevention. Cancer Prevention — Cancer Causes, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2016-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2016-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6336-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2016-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation