Skip to main content

Evolutionary Social Psychology

Adaptive Predispositions and Human Culture

  • Chapter
Handbook of Social Psychology

Conclusion

We have argued that the evolutionary perspective to social psychology is not untestable, not reductionist, not a theory about rigid genetic determinism, not a justification for the status quo, and not incompatible with sociocultural or cognitive analyses. What it is, instead, is a set of ideas that have proved quite useful in generating novel hypotheses, and parsimoniously connecting findings from very different domains ranging from mate choice and family relationships to aggression and intergroup relations. Adopting an evolutionary perspective can help us appreciate not only the common threads that bind the people in our culture to those in other cultures, but also, beyond that, to the other species with which we share the earth. Taking this broad perspective, however, also makes us aware of the vast reaches of our own ignorance. As yet, we know very little about how evolved psychological mechanisnis inside individuals develop, or how they influence, and are influenced by, the complex cultures that humans construct. Bringing light to these questions will require a fuller integration of all the different theoretical perspectives on human social behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alcock, J. (1998). Animal behavior: An evolutionary approach (6th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alcock, J. (2001). The triumph of sociobiology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. G., Kaplan, H. S., & Lancaster, J. B. (1997, June). Paying for children’s college: The paternal investment strategies of Albuquerque men. Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Conference of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badcock, C. (2000). Evolutionary psychology: A critical introduction. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, A. (1999). Modern hunter-gatherers and early symbolic culture. In R. Dunbar, C. Knight, & C. Power (Eds.), The evolution of culture: An interdisciplinary view. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broude, G. J. (1994). Marriage, family, and relationships: A cross cultural encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (1997). On the social origins of human nature. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspectives on the mind in society (pp. 54–62). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. E. (1991). Human universals. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnstein, E., Crandall, C, & Kitayama, S. (1994). Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 773–789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preference: Evolutionary hypothesis tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1999). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Kenrick, D. T. (1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 982–1026). New York: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caporael, L. R., & Baron, R. M. (1997). Groups as the mind’s natural environment. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 317–344). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chagnon, N. (1988). Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science, 239, 985–990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. D., & Hatfield, E. (1989). Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 2, 39–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 163–228). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, C. B., & Anderson, J. L. (1989). Sociobiology: An environmentalist discipline. American Psychologist, 44, 1449–1459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook, J. H., & Crook, S. J. (1988). Tibetan polyandry: Problems of adaptation and fitness. In L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, & P. Turke (Eds.), Human reproductive behavior: A Darwinian perspective (pp. 97–114). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. R., Druen, P. B., & Barbee, A. P. (1997). Angels, mentors, and friends: Tradeoffs among evolutionary, social, and individual variables in physical appearance. In J. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 109–141). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1983). Sex, evolution, and behavior (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1985). Child abuse and other risks of not living with both parents. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. New York: Aldine deGruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M., Salmon, C, & Wilson, M. (1997). Kinship: The conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 265–296). Mahnaw, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species by natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, R. (1982). The extended phenotype. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, F. M., Zalenski, C. M., & Clark, M. E. (1986). Is there a double standard of aging? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 771–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, L. (1996). A discipline in peril: Sociology’s future hinges on curing its biophobia. American Sociologist, 27, 21–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emlen, S. T. (1997). The evolutionary study of human family systems. Social Science Information, 36(4), 563–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emlen, S. T., Wrege, P. H., & DeMong, N. J. (1995). Making decisions in the family: An evolutionary perspective. American Scientist, 83, 148–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Euler, H. H., & Weitzel, B. (1996). Discriminating grandparental solicitude as a reproductive strategy. Human Nature, 7, 39–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99(4), 689–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, A. P., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). The cultural matrix of social psychology In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. II, pp. 915–982). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley, R. (1989). The evolution of hominid social behavior. In V. Standen & R. Foley (Eds.), Comparative socioecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S. W. (1994). Sexual selection and physical attractiveness: Implications for mating dynamics. Human Nature, 4(3), 205–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S. W., & Buss, D. M. (1994). Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14(2), 89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S., & Simpson, J. A. (1990). Toward an evolutionary history of female sociosexual variation. Journal of Personality, 58, 69–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S. W., & Thornhill, R. (1997). Human sexual selection and developmental stability. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 169–196). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J., & Koelling, R. A. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 123–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaulin, S. J. C, McBurney, D. H., & Brademan-Wartell, S. L. (1997). Matrilateral biases in the investment of aunts and uncles. Human Nature, 8, 139–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowaty, P. A. (Ed.). (1997). Feminism and evolutionary biology: Boundaries, intersections, and frontiers. New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarnaccia, P. J., & Parra, P. (1996). Ethnicity, social status, and families’ experiences of caring for a mentally ill family member. Community Mental Health Journal, 32(3), 243–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttentag, M., & Secord, P. F. (1983). Too many women? The sex ratio question. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. I, II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpending, H. (1992). Age differences between mates in Southern African pastoralists. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 102–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, C. W., & Pillig, A. R. (1960). The Tiwi of North Australia. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, K. (1999). Grandmothering and the evolution of homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 461–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, K., & Kaplan, H. (1999). Life history traits in humans: Theory and empirical studies. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28, 397–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogland, J. L. (1983). Nepotism and alarm calling the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Animal Behavior, 31, 472–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. H. (1999). Mother Nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T. (1994). Evolutionary social psychology: From sexual selection to social cognition. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 26 (pp. 75–122). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T. (1995). Evolutionary theory versus the confederacy of dunces. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Gabrielidis, C., Keefe, R. C,& Cornelius, J. (1996). Adolescents’ age preferences for dating partners: Support for an evolutionary model of life-history strategies. Child Development, 67, 1499–1511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Groth, G. R., Trost, M. R., & Sadalla, E. K. (1993). Integrating evolutionary and social exchange perspectives on relationships: Effects of gender, self-appraisal, and involvement level on mate selection criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 951–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992). Age Preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Li, N. P., & Butner, J. (2003). Dynamical evolutionary psychology: Individual decision-rules and emergent social norms. Psychological Review, 110, 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Zierk, K. L., & Krones, J. M. (1994). Evolution and social cognition: Contrast effects as a function of sex, dominance, and physical attractiveness. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 210–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Sadalla, E. K., Groth, G., & Trost, M. R. (1990). Evolution, traits, and the stages of human courtship: Qualifying the parental investment model. Journal of Personality, 58, 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Sadalla, E. K., & Keefe, R. C. (1998). Evolutionary cognitive psychology: The missing heart of modern cognitive science. In C. Crawford & D. Krebs (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 485–514). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T, & Trost, M. R. (1996). The evolutionary psychology of relationships. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. T., Trost, M. R., & Sheets, V. L. (1996). Power, harassment, and trophy mates: The feminist advantages of an evolutionary perspective. In D. M. Buss & N. M. Malamuth (Eds.), Sex, power, conflict: Evolutionary and feminist perspectives (pp. 29–53). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketelaar, T, & Ellis, B. J. (2000). Are evolutionary explanations unfalsifiable? Evolutionary psychology and the Lakatosian philosophy of science. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (1997). Social illusions and self-deception: The evolution of biases in person perception. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 21–48). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 187–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • LoPreato, J., & Crippen, T. (1999). Crisis in sociology: The need for Darwin. London: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maryanski, A., & Turner, J. H. (1992). The social cage: Human nature and the evolution of society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard Smith, J. (1955). Fertility, mating behavior, and sexual selection in Drosophila subobscura. Genetics, 54, 261–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. F. (1999). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuberg, S. L., Smith, D. M., & Asher, T. (2000). Why people stigmatize: Toward a biocultural framework. In T. F. Heatherton & R. E. Kleck (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fear, phobias and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Otta, E., Queiroz, R. D. S., Campos, L. D. S., daSilva, M. W. D., & Silveira, M. T. (1998). Age differences between spouses in a Brazilian marriage sample. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 99–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: How the mind creates language. New York: William Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quammen, D. (1996). The song of the dodo: Island biogeography in an age of extinction. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe-Brown, A. (1913). Three tribes of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 43, 143–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, M. (1996). The origins of virtue: Human instincts and the evolution of cooperation. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodseth, L., Wrangham, R. W., Harrigan, A. M., & Smuts, B. B. (1991). The Human Community as a Primate Society. Current Anthropology, 32(3), 221–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 328–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozin, P., & Kalat, I. W. (1971). Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptive specializations of learning. Psychological Review, 79, 259–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadalla, E. K., Kenrick, D. T., & Vershure, B. (1987). Dominance and heterosexual attraction. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52, 730–738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, M. (2003). Ancestral environments and motivated social perception: Goal-like blasts from the evolutionary past. In S. J. Spencer, S. Fein, M. P. Zanna, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Motivated social cognition: The Ninth Ontario Symposium. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, M., & Conway, L. G., III. (2000). The illusion of unfalsifiability and why it matters. Psychological Inquiry, 11(1), 49–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Hager, J. L. (1972). Biological boundaries of learning. The sauce-bearnaise syndrome. Psychology Today, 6, 59–61, 84–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shavit, Y., Fischer, C. S., & Koresh, Y. (1994). Kin and non-kin under collective threat: Israeli networks during the Gulf War. Social Forces, 72(4), 1197–1215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, P. W. (1977). Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls. Science, 197(4310), 1246–1253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D. (1993). Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65, 293–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, M. F. (1993). Female choices: Sexual behavior of female primates. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, S. C. (1976). Life history tactics: A review of the ideas. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 51, 3–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, B. S. & Huber, H. R. (1993). Mirounga angustirostris. Mammalian Species, 449, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1994). Human facial beauty: Averageness, symmetry, and parasite resistance. Human Nature, 4(3), 237–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, J. M., & Wasserman, T. (1998). Sexual Attractiveness: Sex differences in assessment and criteria. Evolution and Human Behavior, 14, 171–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L. (1985). Social evolution. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. M. (1980). Conceptual universals in interpersonal language. American Anthropologist, 82, 759–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1978). On human nature. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeifman, D., & Hazan, C. (1997). Attachment: The pair in pair bonds. In J. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kenrick, D., Ackerman, J., Ledlow, S. (2006). Evolutionary Social Psychology. In: Delamater, J. (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36921-X_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics