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Viral Carcinogenesis

  • Chapter
Oncology

Abstract

Important causes of human tumors are biologic and environmental agents, mostly of a chemical and physical nature, that act by genotoxic mechanisms which induce alterations in the cell genome such as chromosomal deletions, rearrangements, and mutations. In the complex multifactorial pathogenesis of cancer, viruses often participate as biologic cofactors that cooperate with chemical and physical agents in both the initiation and progression of tumors. Thus, the detection of a tumor virus in a given tumor does not establish causation. Moreover, the genetic background of an individual and his/her immune status at the time of infection or during viral latency may influence susceptibility to various carcinogens, especially viral carcinogens. Often, it appears that oncogenic viruses act at the beginning of tumor development, inducing in the host cell a number of genetic alterations and immortalizations that can lead to tumor growth. Viruses at other times can be oncogenic only upon infection of cells that already contain genetic alterations. For example, BKV can transform human mesothelial cells that overexpress Notch-1 and which express telomerase activity, whereas in the absence of these alterations, mesothelial cells were not transformed. Oncogenic viruses may act directly, as the combined effects of viral sequences or gene products within the target cell lead to transformation. In other circumstances, the role of viruses may be more subtle, that is, predominantly indirect. Examples of this condition are liver cancer, arising during hepatocyte regeneration that follows hepatitis B and C virus infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated neoplasms, favored by loss of antitumor immune surveillance as a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the immune system and consequent immunosuppression. HIV-induced immunosuppression allows the emergence of oncogenic viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which causes B-cell lymphomas in AIDS patients. Thus, in AIDS, two viruses cooperate independently to cause human cancer. It is also argued that the regenerative process associated with liver cirrhosis, which is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and the release of cytokines by the inflammatory infiltrate in the regenerating liver favor tumor development. In this latter scenario, the role of HBV and HCV in causing hepatocellular carcinoma would be indirect yet critical.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA

    Michele Carbone MD, PhD (Associate Professor)

  2. Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano MD (Professor)

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  1. Michele Carbone MD, PhD
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  2. Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano MD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Alfred E. Chang MD (Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery and Chief) (Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery and Chief)

  2. Breast Oncology Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Daniel F. Hayes MD (Clinical Director) (Clinical Director)

  3. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Harvey I. Pass MD (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head) (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head)

  4. Thoracic Oncology, New York University School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Harvey I. Pass MD (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head) (Professor and Chief of Thoracic Surgery and Head)

  5. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, USA

    Richard M. Stone MD (Associate Professor and Clinical Director) (Associate Professor and Clinical Director)

  6. Adult Leukemia Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    Richard M. Stone MD (Associate Professor and Clinical Director) (Associate Professor and Clinical Director)

  7. Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, USA

    Patricia A. Ganz MD (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor) (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor)

  8. Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Patricia A. Ganz MD (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor) (American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Director and Professor)

  9. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Timothy J. Kinsella MD (Vincent K. Smith Professor and Chairman) (Vincent K. Smith Professor and Chairman)

  10. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA

    Joan H. Schiller MD (Melanie Heald Professor of Medical Oncology) (Melanie Heald Professor of Medical Oncology)

  11. Health Media Research Laboratory, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, USA

    Victor J. Strecher PhD, MPH (Professor and Director and Associate Director) (Professor and Director and Associate Director)

  12. Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Victor J. Strecher PhD, MPH (Professor and Director and Associate Director) (Professor and Director and Associate Director)

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Carbone, M., Barbanti-Brodano, G. (2006). Viral Carcinogenesis. In: Chang, A.E., et al. Oncology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31056-8_17

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