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Cis-Trans Carotenoids in Photosynthesis: Configurations, Excited-State Properties and Physiological Functions

  • Chapter
The Photochemistry of Carotenoids

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 8))

Summary

Correlations between the 1H-NMR, electronic-absorption and resonance-Raman spectra and the cis-trans configurations have been identified for β-carotene and other carotenoids: (1) the chemical shifts of the olefinic 1Hs in NMR, (2) the wavelength of the A −g →B +u absorption and the relative intensity of the A −g →A +g vs. the A −g →B +u absorption in electronic absorption, and (3) the C=C stretching frequency, the relative intensity of the C10–C11 vs. the C14–C15 stretching vibration and the appearance of key modes in resonance Raman can be used to identify the all-trans or a mono-cis configuration.

The natural selection of the carotenoid configurations is described; i.e., the all-trans configuration is selected by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), whereas the 15-cis configuration is selected by the reaction centers (RCs). The excited-state properties of the all-trans and the 15-cis configurations are attempted to be correlated with their physiological functions. The conjugated system of the all-trans carotenoids in the LHCs have approximate C2h symmetry, giving rise to two distinct low-lying excited states denoted B +u and 2Ag −g Characterization of these singlet states leads to the conclusion that they provide two channels for singlet-energy transfer to (bacterio)chlorophyll. The 15-cis configuration has a unique property of extremely-efficient isomerization toward the all-trans configuration upon triplet excitation. This is based on the characterization of the singlet and triplet species of β-carotene and the products of isomerization. Resonance Raman spectroscopy, together with normal-coordinate analysis of the RC-bound spheroidene, has revealed twisting and large changes in bond order of the conjugated backbone upon triplet excitation, which is proposed to enhance the rate of relaxation to the ground state and the dissipation of triplet energy.

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Abbreviations

BChl:

bacteriochlorophyll

Cb.:

Chlorobium

DMF:

dimethylformamide

H−1H; HPLC:

high-pressure liquid chromatography

k:

stretching force constant

LHCs:

light-harvesting complexes

n:

number of conjugated double bonds

n:

solvent refractive index

PPP-SD-CI:

Pariser-Parr-Pople calculation including the singly- and doubly-excited configurational interactions

PS:

photosystem

Rb.:

Rhodobacter

RCs:

reaction centers

Rs.:

Rhodospirillum

S0:

the ground state

S1:

the first singlet-excited state

S2:

the second singlet-excited state

Sc.:

Synechococcus

T1:

the lowest triplet-excited state

ε:

molar extinction coefficient

ν1:

C=C stretching mode

ν2:

C-C stretching mode

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan

    Yasushi Koyama & Ritsuko Fujii

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  1. Yasushi Koyama
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  2. Ritsuko Fujii
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Harry A. Frank

  2. Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

    Andrew J. Young

  3. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    George Britton

  4. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Richard J. Cogdell

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© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers

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Koyama, Y., Fujii, R. (1999). Cis-Trans Carotenoids in Photosynthesis: Configurations, Excited-State Properties and Physiological Functions. In: Frank, H.A., Young, A.J., Britton, G., Cogdell, R.J. (eds) The Photochemistry of Carotenoids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48209-6_9

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