Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Oncology ((DION,volume 81))

  • 134 Accesses

Abstract

Due to a lack of effective treatments, the development of metastases remains the most lethal aspect of prostate cancer. In order to help overcome this problem there has been an ongoing effort to develop strategies for early intervention. This includes the development of strategies that allow histologic lesions and disseminated cells that are highly likely to cause metastatic disease to be distinguished from those that are not, as well as therapeutic approaches to specifically target bone metastases. Such approaches will be expedited by the identification of genes and signaling cascades that regulate metastatic growth. Genes that specifically suppress metastasis are strong candidates for these studies. This review will focus on metastasis-suppressor genes that have been identified functionally, particularly those found to play a role in prostate cancer, and discuss how the identification and study of these genes has influenced our overall understanding of the metastatic process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Poste G, Fidler IJ: The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis. Nature 283: 139–146, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. MacDonald NJ, Steeg PS: Molecular basis of tumour metastasis. Cancer Surv 16: 175–199, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Welch DR, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: What defines a useful marker of metastasis in human cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 1351–1353, 1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Yoshida BA, Sokoloff MM, Welch DR, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Metastasis-suppressor genes: A review and perspective on an emerging field. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 1717–1730,2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fidler IJ: Critical factors in the biology of human cancer metastasis: Twenty-eighth G.H.A. Clowes memorial award lecture. Cancer Res 50: 6130–6138, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chambers AF: The metastatic process: Basic research and clinical implications. Oncol Res 11: 161–168, 1999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Melchior SW, Corey E, Ellis WJ, Ross AA, Layton TJ, Oswin MM, Lange PH, Vessella RL: Early tumor cell dissemination in patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate. Clin Cancer Res 3: 249–256, 1997

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Christiano AP, Yoshida BA, Dubauskas Z, Sokoloff M, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Development of markers of prostate cancer metastasis: Review and perspective. Urol Oncol 5: 217–223,2000

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wood DP Jr, Banerjee M: Presence of circulating prostate cells in the bone marrow of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy is predictive of disease-free survival. J Clin Oncol 15: 3451–3457, 1997

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Yang M, Jiang P, Sun FX, Hasegawa S, Baranov E, Chishima T, Shimada H, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM: A fluorescent orthotopic bone metastasis model of human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 59: 781–786, 1999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Al-Mehdi AB, Tozawa K, Fisher AB, Shientag L, Lee A, Muschel RJ: Intravascular origin of metastasis from the proliferation of endothelium-attached tumor cells: A new model of metastasis. Nat Med 6: 100–102, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cameron MD, Schmidt EE, Kerkvliet N, Nadkarni KV, Morris VL, Groom AC, Chambers AF, MacDonald IC: Temporal progression of metastasis in lung: Cell survival, dormancy, and location dependence of metastatic inefficiency. Cancer Res 60: 2541–2546, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Freije JMP, MacDonald NJ, Steeg PS: Differential gene expression in tumor metastasis: Nm23. In: Gunthert U, Shlag PM, Birchmeier W (eds) Attempts to Understand Metastasis Formation II: Regulatory Factors. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996, 215–232

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lee HY, Lee H: Inhibitory activity of nm23-Hl on invasion and colonization of human prostate carcinoma cells is not mediated by its NDP kinase activity. Cancer Lett 145: 93–99, 1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Stravodimos K, Constantinides C, Manousakas T, Pavlaki C, Pantazopoulos D, Giannopoulos A, Dimopoulos C: Immunohistochemical expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and nm-23H1 antioncogene in prostate cancer: Divergent correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Anticancer Res 20: 3823–3828, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nelson PS, Han D, Rochon Y, Corthals GF, Lin B, Monson A, Nguyen V, Franza BR, Plymate SR, Aebersold R, Hood L: Comprehensive analyses of prostate gene expression: Convergence of expressed sequence tag databases, transcript profiling and proteomics. Electrophoresis 21: 1823–1831, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Otsuki Y, Tanaka M, Yoshii S, Kawazoe N, Nakaya K, Sugimura H: Tumor metastasis suppressor nm23H1 regulates Racl GTPase by interaction with Tiam1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 4385–4390, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ohkura N, Kishi M, Tsukada T, Yamaguchi K: Menin, a gene product responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, interacts with the putative tumor metastasis suppressor nm23. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 282: 1206–1210, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zou Z, Gao C, Nagaich AK, Connell T, Saito S, Moul JW, Seth P, Appella E, Srivistava S: p53 regulates the expression of the tumor suppressor gene maspin. J Biol Chem 275: 6051–6054, 2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Machtens S, Serth J, Bokemeyer C, Bathke W, Minssen A, Koomannsberger C, Hartmann J, Knuchel R, Kondo M, Jonas U, Kuczyk M: Expression of the p53 and maspin protein in primary prostate cancer: Correlation with clinical features. Int J Cancer 95: 337–342, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. McGowen R, Biliran H Jr, Sager R, Sheng S: The surface of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells mediates the inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by maspin. Cancer Res 60: 4771–4778,2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kirschmann DA, Lininger RA, Gardner LMG, Seftor EA, Odero VA, Ainsztein AM, Earnshaw WC, Wallrath LL, Hendrix MJC: Down-regulation of HP 1Hs alpha expression is associated with the metastatic phenotype in breast cancer. Cancer Res 60: 3359–3363, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fujita H, Okada F, Hamada J, Hosokawa M, Moriuchi T, Koya RC, Kuzumaki N: Gelsolin functions as a metastasis suppressor in B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells and requirement of the carboxyl-terminus for its effect. Int J Cancer 93: 773–780,2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ichikawa T, Ichikawa Y, Isaacs JT: Genetic factors and suppression of metastatic ability of prostatic cancer. Cancer Res 51: 3788–3792, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mashimo T, Goodarzi G, Watabe M, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Pai SK, Hirota S, Hosobe S, Miura K, Bandyopadhyay S, Gross SC, Watabe K: Localization of a novel tumor metastasis suppressor region on the short arm of human chromosome 2. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28: 285–293, 2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nihei N, Ohta S, Kuramochi H, Kugoh H, Oshimura M, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT, Igarashi T, Ito H, Masai M, Ichikawa Y, Ichikawa T: Metastasis-suppressor gene(s) for rat prostate cancer on the long arm of human chromosome 7. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 24: 1–8, 1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nihei N, Ichikawa T, Kawana Y, Kuramochi H, Kugoh H, Oshimura M, Hayata I, Shimazaki J, Ito H: Mapping of metastasis-suppressor gene(s) for rat prostate cancer on the short arm of human chromosome 8 by irradiated microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17: 260–268, 1996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kuramochi H, Ichikawa T, Nihei N, Kawana Y, Suzuki H, Schalken JA, Takeichi M, Nagafuchi A, Ito H, Shimazaki J: Suppression of invasive ability of highly metastatic rat prostate cancer by introduction of human chromosome 8. Prostate 31: 14–20, 1997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nihei N, Ichikawa T, Kawana Y, Kuramochi H, Kugo H, Oshimura M, Killary AM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT: Localization of metastasis suppressor gene(s) for rat prostatic cancer to the long arm of human chromosome 10. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14: 112–119, 1995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Luu HH, Zagaja GP, Dubauskas Z, Chen SL, Smith RC, Watabe K, Ichikawa Y, Ichikawa T, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Identification of a novel metastasis-suppressor region on human chromosome 12. Cancer Res 58: 3561–3565, 1998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mashimo T, Watabe M, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Helfer E, Watabe K: Human chromosome 16 suppresses metastasis but not tumorigenesis in rat prostatic tumor cells. Cancer Res 58: 4572–4576, 1998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Goodarzi G, Mashimo T, Watabe M, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Pai SK, Hirota S, Hosobe S, Miura K, Bandyopadhyay S, Gross SC, Balaji KC, Watabe K: Identification of tumor metastasis suppressor region on the short arm of chromosome 20. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 32: 33–42, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Seraj MJ, Samant RS, Verderame MF, Welch DR: Functional evidence for a novel human breast carcinoma metastasis suppressor, BRMS1, encoded at chromosome 11ql3. Cancer Res 60: 2764–2769, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Saunders MM, Seraj MJ, Li Z, Zhou Z, Winter CR, Welch DR, Donahue HJ: Breast cancer metastatic potential correlates with a breakdown in homospecific and heterospecific gap junctional intercellular communication. Cancer Res 61: 1765–1767, 2001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ohtaki T, Shintani Y, Honda S, Matsumoto H, Hori A, Kanehashi K, Terao Y, Kumano S, Takatsu Y, Masuda Y, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Asada M, Yamada T, Suenaga M, Kitada C, Usuki S, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M: Metastasis-suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature 411: 613–616, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hori A, Honda S, Asada M, Ohtaki T, Oda K, Watanabe T, Shintani Y, Yamada T. Suenaga M, Kitada C, Onda H, Kurokawa T, Nishimura O, Fujino M: Metastin suppresses the motility and growth of CHO cells transfected with its receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286: 958–963, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kotani M, Detheux M, Vandenbogaerde A, Communi D, Vanderwinden JM, Le Poul E, Brezillon S, Tyldesley R, Suarez-Huerta N, Vandeput F, Blanpain C, Schiffmann SN, Vassart G, Parmentier M: The metastasis-suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J Biol Chem 276: 34631–34636,2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ichikawa T, Ichikawa Y, Dong J, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Isaacs WB, Oshimura M, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT: Localization of metastasis-suppressor gene(s) for prostatic cancer to the short arm of human chromosome 11. Cancer Res 52: 3486–3490, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Dong JT, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Vukanovic J, Ichikawa T, Isaacs JT, Barrett JC: KAI1, a metastasissuppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science 268: 884–886, 1995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yang X, Wei LL, Tang C, Slack R, Mueller S, Lippman ME: Overexpression of KAI1 suppresses in vitro invasiveness and in vivo metastasis in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 61: 5284–5288,2001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Akita H, Iizuka A, Hashimoto Y, Kohri K, Ikeda K, Nakanishi M: Induction of KAI-1 expression in metastatic cancer cells by phorbol esters. Cancer Lett 153: 79–83, 2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sigala S, Faraoni I, Botticini D, Paez-Pereda M, Missale C. Bonmassar E, Spano P: Suppression of telomerase, reexpression of KAI1, and abrogation of tumorigenicity by nerve growth factor in prostate cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 5: 1211–1218,1999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mashimo T, Bandyopadhyay S, Goodarzi G, Watabe M, Pai SK, Gross SC, Watabe K: Activation of the tumor metastasis-suppressor gene, KAI1, by etoposide is mediated by p53 and c-Jun genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274: 370–376, 2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tagawa K, Arihiro K, Takeshima Y, Hiyama E, Yamasaki M, Inai K: Down-regulation of KAI1 messenger RNA expression is not associated with loss of heterozygosity of the K AI1 gene region in lung adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 90: 970–976, 1999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Yang X, Wei L, Tang C, Slack R, Montgomery E, Lippman M: KAI1 protein is down-regulated during the pro-gression of human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6: 3424–3429, 2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bouras T, Frauman AG: Expression of the prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene KAI1 in primary prostate cancers: A biphasic relationship with tumor grade. J Pathol 188: 382–388, 1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sekita N, Suzuki H, Ichikawa T, Kito H, Akakura K, Igarashi T, Nakayama T, Watanabe M, Shiraishi T, Toyota M, Yoshie O, Ito H: Epigenetic regulation of the KAI-1 metastasis-suppressor gene in human prostate cancer cell lines. Jpn J Cancer Res 92: 947–951, 2001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kawana Y, Komiya A, Ueda T, Nihei N, Kuramochi H, Suzuki H, Yatani R, Imai T, Dong JT, Imai T, Yoshie O, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT, Shimazaki J, Ito H, Ichikawa T: Location of KAI 1 on the short arm of human chromosome 11 and frequency of allelic loss in advanced human prostate cancer. Prostate 32: 205–213, 1997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dong JT, Suzuki H, Pin SS, Bova GS, Schalken JA, Isaacs WB, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT: Down-regulation of the KAI1 metastasis-suppressor gene during the progression of human prostatic cancer infrequently involves gene mutation or allelic loss. Cancer Res 56; 4387–4390. 1996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Maraj BH, Leek JP, Carr IM, Markham AF: Identification of a novel microsatellite marker tightly linked to the KAI-1 gene for predicting prostate cancer progression. EurUrol 37: 228–233, 2000

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bajorath J: Molecular organization, structural features, and ligand binding characteristics of CD44, a highly variable cell surface glycoprotein with multiple functions. Proteins 39: 103–111,2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Herrlich P, Morrison H, Sleeman J, Orian-Rousseau V, Konig H, Weg-Remers S, Ponta H: CD44 acts both as a growth-and invasiveness-promoting molecule and as a tumor-suppressing cofactor. Ann NY Acad Sci 910: 106–118,2000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Braun S, Pantel K, Muller P, Janni W, Hepp F, Kentenich CR, Gastroph S, Wischnik A, Dimpfl T, Kindermann G, Riethmuller G, Schlimok G: Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer. N Engl J Med 342: 525–533, 2000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lou W, Krill D, Dhir R, Becich MJ, Dong JT, Frierson HF Jr, Isaacs WB, Isaacs JT, Gao AC: Methylation of the CD44 metastasis-suppressor gene in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 59: 2329–2331, 1999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Aaltomaa S, Lipponen P, Ala-Opas M, Kosma VM: Expression and prognostic value of CD44 standard and variant v3 and v6 isoforms in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 39: 138–144, 2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Noordzij MA, van Steenbrugge GJ, Schroder FH, Van der Kwast TH: Decreased expression of CD44 in metastatic prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 84: 478–483, 1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Chekmareva MA, Hollowell CM, Smith RC, Davis EM, LeBeau MM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Localization of prostate cancer metastasis-suppressor activity on human chromosome 17. Prostate 33: 271–280, 1997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Chekmareva MA, Kadkhodaian MM, Hollowell CM, Kim H, Yoshida BA, Luu HH, Stadler WM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Chromosome 17-mediated dormancy of AT6.1 prostate cancer micrometastases. Cancer Res 58: 4963–4969, 1998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kim HL, Griend DJ, Yang X, Benson DA, Dubauskas Z, Yoshida BA, Chekmareva MA, Ichikawa Y, Sokoloff MH, Zhan P, Karrison T, Lin A, Stadler WM, Ichikawa T, Rubin MA, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 metastasis-suppressor gene expression is inversely related to histological pattern in advancing human prostatic cancers. Cancer Res 61: 2833–2837, 2001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Radinsky R, Fidler IJ: Regulation of tumor cell growth at organ-specific metastases. In vivo 6: 325–331, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fidler IJ: Critical determinants of melanoma metastasis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1: 203–208, 1996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Welch DR: Technical considerations for studying cancer metastasis in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 15: 272–306, 1997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jaeger, E.B., Samant, R.S., Rinker-Schaeffer, C.W. (2002). Metastasis suppression in prostate cancer. In: Cher, M.L., Raz, A., Honn, K.V. (eds) Prostate Cancer: New Horizons in Research and Treatment. Developments in Oncology, vol 81. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48143-X_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48143-X_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7352-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48143-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics