Skip to main content
  • 250 Accesses

Conclusions

Along with the tremendous advances in science and information technology in this millennium have risen the challenges of decisions of protecting individual rights relative to common goods. Ethics provides a framework for interpreting the risk information derived in epidemiological studies allowing managers to take a course of action that is appropriate both for the institution as well as the patients served.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Appelbaum, P. S., and Grisso, T., 1988, Assessing patients’ capacities to consent to treatment, N. Engl. J. Med. 319:1635–1638.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arras, J. D., 1991, Getting down to cases: The revival of casuistry in bioethics, J. Med. Phil. 16:29–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artnak, K. E., 1995, A comparison of principle-based and case-based approaches to ethical analysis, HEC Forum 7:339–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artnak, K. E., and Dimmitt, J. H., 1996, Choosing a framework for ethical analysis in advanced practice settings: The case for casuistry. Arch. Psychiatr. Nur. 10:16–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, T. L., and Childress, J. F., 1994, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentham, J., 1962, An introduction to the principles of morals and legislations, in Utilitarianism and Other Writings. The New American Library, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, A. M., 1985, Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee syphilis study, in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, (J. W. Leavitt and R. L. Numbers, eds.), (pp. 331–343), University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, C., and Brown, K., 1993, QALYs for resource allocation: Probably not and certainly not now, Aust. J. Public Health 17:278–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J., and Lewandowski, L. A., 1997, Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children, Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 20:353–374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capron, A. M., 1991, Protection of research subjects: Do special rules apply in epidemiology? Law Med. Health Care 19:184–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Card, C., 1990, Caring and evil, Hypatia 5:101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997, Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: Introduction of a sequential vaccination schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 46:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, J., 2000, Control of Communicable Disease Manual, 17th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christakis, N. A., 1988, The ethical design of an AIDS vaccine trial in Africa, Hastings Center Rep. 18:31–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christakis, N. A., 1996, The distinction between ethical pluralism and ethical relativism: Implications for the conduct of transcultural clinical research, in The Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects: Facing the 21st Century (H. Y. Vanderpool, ed.), pp. 261–280, University Publishing Group, Frederick, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 1991, International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies, CIOMS, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), World Health Organization (WHO), 1993, International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, CIOMS and WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donagan, A., 1968, Is there a credible form of utilitarianism? in Contemporary Utilitarianism (M. Bayles, ed.), pp. 187–202, Doubleday and Company, Garden City, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzioni, A., 1998, Introduction: A matter of balance, rights, and responsibilities, in The Essential Communitarian Reader (A. Etzioni, ed.), pp. ix–xxiv, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C., 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R., 1990, Method in bioethics: A troubled assessment, J. Med. Phil. 15:188–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, P. d., 1999, Defending vaccines from the enemy within. Re. Med. Virol. 9:145–146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodin, M. A., 1992, Historical Origins of the Nuremberg Code, in The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation in (G. J. Annas and M. A. Grodin, eds.), pp. 121–144, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. J., 1989, Public health trials in West Africa: Logistics and ethics, IRB 11:8–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerschmidt, D. E., and Keane, M. A., 1992, Institutional review board (IRB) review lacks impact on readability of consent forms for research, Am. J. Med. Sci. 304:348–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland, S. L., 1991, Some thoughts about caring,” in Feminist Ethics (C. Card, ed.), pp. 246–263, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, W., 1849, Physician and Patient, Baker and Scribner, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsen, A. R., 1986, Casuistry and clinical ethics, Theoret. Med. 7:65–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsen, A. R., 1991, Casuistry as methodology in clinical ethics, Theoret. Med. 12:295–307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsen, A. R., 1995, Casuistry: An alternative or complement to principles? Kennedy Inst. Ethics J. 5:237–251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsen, A. R., and Toulmin, S., 1988, The Abuse of Casuistry, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koh, D., and Jeyaratnam, J., 1998, Biomarkers, screening and ethics, Occup. Med. 1:27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koska, M. T., 1992 (Jan. 5), Outcomes research: Hospitals face confidentiality concerns, Hospitals 32–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuczewski, M. G., 1994, Casuistry and its communitarian critics, Kennedy Inst. Ethics J. 4:99–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczewski, M. G., 1997, Fragmentation and Consensus: Communitarian and Casuist Bioethics, Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R. J., 1986, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loue, S., Okello, D., and Kawuma, M., 1996, Research bioethics in the Ugandan context: A program summary, J. Law Med. Ethics 24:47–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, C. R., and Porter, J. P., 1991, Confidentiality: The protection of personal data in epidemiological and clinical research trials, Law Med. Health Care 19:238–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meade, C. D., and Howser, D. M., 1992, Consent forms: How to determine and improve their readability, Oncol. Nurs. Forum 19:1523–1528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J. S., 1863, Utilitarianism, in Ethics: The Big Questions (J. P. Sterba, ed.), pp. 119–132, Blackwell Publishers, Maiden, MA (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore v. Regents of the University of California, 793 P.2d479 (Cal. 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, L., 1990, Ethical imperialism and informed consent, IRB 12:11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, L. J., 1993, Women, morality, and history, in An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives (M. J. Larrabee, ed.), pp. 87–101, Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noddings, N., 1984, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panek, W. C., 1999, Ethical considerations related to outcome studies-based clinical practice guidelines, J. Glaucoma 8:267–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perley, S. S., Fluss, S. S., Bankowski, Z., and Simon F., 1992, The Nuremberg Code: An international overview, in The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation (G. J. Annas and M. A. Grodin, eds.), pp. 149–173, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdy, L. M., 1992, A call to heal ethics, in Feminist Perspectives in Medical Ethics (H. B. Holmes and L. M. Purdy, eds.), pp. 8–13, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiman, J., 1988, Utilitarianism and the informed consent requirement (or: should utilitarians be allowed on medical research ethical review boards?) in Moral Theory and Moral Judgments in Medical Ethics (B. A. Brody, ed.), pp. 41–51, Kluwer Academic, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Responsive Communitarian Platform: Rights and Responsibilities, 1998, in The Essential Communitarian Reader (A. Etzioni, ed., p. xxv–xxxix, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, R., Reed, J. S., and Menius, D., 1992, Evaluating the readability of informed consent forms used in contraceptive clinical trials, Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet 38:227–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, E., 1997, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Right and the Rights of Research Subjects, in Ethics in Neurobiological Research with Human Subjects: The Baltimore Conference on Ethics (A. E. Shamoo, ed.), pp. 265–171, Overseas Publishers Association, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, P. A., Hunter, D., and Rothman, N., 1997, Ethical and social issues in the use of biomarkers in epidemiological research, in Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Epidemiology (P. Toniolo, P. Boffetta, P. Shuker, N. Rothman, B. Hulka, and N. Pearce, Eds.), pp. 313–318, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. K., 1987, On Ethics and Economics, Basil Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin, S., 1992, Feminist and medical ethics: Two different approaches to contextual ethics, in Feminist Perspectives in Medical Ethics (H. B. Holmes and L. M. Purdy, eds.), pp. 17–31, University of Indiana Press, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, J. J. C., 1961, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics, University Press, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, D. P., 1993, United States ratification of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: The significance of the reservations, understandings, and declarations, DePaul Law Rev. 42:1183–1207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strebel, P. M., Sutter, R. W, Cochi, S. L., Biellik, R. J., Brink, E. W., Kew, O. M., Pallansch, M. A., Orenstein, W., and Hinman, A. R., 1992, Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States on e decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus-associated disease, Clin. Infect. Dis 14:568–579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, R., 1993, Feminine and Feminist Ethics, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, C. G., Turner, M. E., Harkess, J. R., and Istre, G. R., 1991, Security measures for AIDS and HIV, Am. J. Public Health 81:210–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tronto, J. C., 1993, Beyond gender difference to a theory of care, in An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives (M. J. Larrabee, Ed.), pp. 240–257, Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vennell, V. A. M., 1995, Medical research and treatment: Ethical standards in the international context, Med. Law Int. 2:1–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wadsworth, L., 1999, Polio immunization: Dealing with new recommendations and helping parents understand the changes, J. Pediatr. Health Care 13:S21–S30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, V. L., 1992, Feminist directions in medical ethics, in Feminist Perspectives in Medical Ethics (H. B. Holmes and L. M. Purdy, eds.), pp. 32–45, University of Indiana Press, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weed, D. L., and Coughlin, S. S., 1999, New ethics guidelines for epidemiology: Background and rationale, Ann. Epidemiol. 9:277–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsome, E., 1999, The Plutonium Files, Dial Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, N. S., Pearson, M. L., Desmond, K. A., Harrison, E. R., Rubenstein, L. V., Rogers, W. H., and Kahn, K. L., 1995, Epidemiology of do-not-resuscitate orders: Disparity by age, diagnosis, gender, race, and functional impairment, Arch. Intern. Med. 155:2056–2062.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B., and Smart, J. J. C., 1973, Utilitarianism, For and Against, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization, 1989, February 27–March 2, Criteria for international testing of candidate HIV vaccines, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization, 1995, Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice for Trials on Pharmaceutical Products, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Medical Association, 1991a, Declaration of Helsinki, Law Med. Health Care 19:264–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Medical Association, 1991b, The Nuremberg Code, Law Med. Health Care 19:266.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Loue, S. (2002). Ethics, Epidemiology, and Health Service Delivery. In: Oleske, D.M. (eds) Epidemiology and the Delivery of Health Care Services. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47557-X_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47557-X_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46525-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47557-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics