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Interaction between deep and shallow groundwater systems in areas affected by Quaternary tectonics (Central Italy): a geochemical and isotope approach

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Abstract

Hydro- and isotope geochemistry are used to refine groundwater conceptual models in two areas of central Italy (Acque Albule Basin and Velino River Valley) affected by extensional Quaternary tectonics, where deep and shallow groundwater flow systems are interacting. The role of geology, of recent deposits filling the plains and of main tectonic features controlling groundwater flowpaths and deep-seated fluids emergences are investigated and discussed. Environmental isotopes (2H and 18O) confirm recharge in the surrounding carbonate aquifers, and meteoric origin of both shallow and deep groundwater. Major ion chemistry indicates a mixing between shallow Ca-HCO3 groundwater from carbonate aquifers and deep Ca-HCO3-SO4 groundwater, characterised by higher salinity and temperature and high concentration in sulphates. Isotopic composition of dissolved sulphates (δ 34S and δ 18O) and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ 13C), henceforth indicated as DIC, are used to verify the presence of different sources of groundwater, and to validate the mixing model suggested by the major ion analyses. Sulphate isotope composition suggests a marine origin for the groundwater characterised by elevated sulphate concentration, whose source is present in the deep buried sequences. Carbon isotope composition confirms the role of a DIC source associated to CO2 degassing of a deep reservoir. Groundwater conceptual models are improved underlining the importance of Plio-Pleistocene sequences filling the tectonic depression. In the Acque Albule area, the travertine plateau represents a mixing stratified aquifer, where deep groundwater contribution is spread into the shallow aquifer. The alluvial–clastic–lacustrine leaky aquifer of Velino Valley enables a complete mixing of shallow and deep groundwater allowing spot-located discharge of deep groundwater along tectonic patterns and facilitating sulphate reduction in the lacustrine sediments, explaining locally the presence of H2S.

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Acknowledgments

Massimo Angelone is acknowledged for access to the ICP-MS facilities at the laboratories of ENEA, La Casaccia and Onelio Flora (University of Trieste, Italy) for the 18O and 2H analyses of groundwater. We would like to thank G.M. Zuppi for providing unpublished δ 34S and δ 18O data for Italian evaporites.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy

    Marco Petitta

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy

    Paolo Primavera & Paola Tuccimei

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    Ramon Aravena

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  1. Marco Petitta
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  2. Paolo Primavera
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Correspondence to Marco Petitta.

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Petitta, M., Primavera, P., Tuccimei, P. et al. Interaction between deep and shallow groundwater systems in areas affected by Quaternary tectonics (Central Italy): a geochemical and isotope approach. Environ Earth Sci 63, 11–30 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0663-7

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