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Application of manures to mitigate the harmful effects of electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals on soil microbial properties in polluted soils

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Abstract

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) used with electrokinetic (EK) to remediate heavy metal-polluted soils is a toxic chelate for soil microorganisms. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of alternative organic chelates to EDTA on improving the microbial properties of a heavy metal-polluted soil subjected to EK. Cow manure extract (CME), poultry manure extract (PME) and EDTA were applied to a lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)-polluted calcareous soil which were subjected to two electric intensities (1.1 and 3.3 v/cm). Soil carbon pools, microbial activity, microbial abundance (e.g., fungal, actinomycetes and bacterial abundances) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Pb and Zn (available forms) were assessed in both cathodic and anodic soils. Applying the EK to soil decreased all the microbial variables in the cathodic and anodic soils in the absence or presence of chelates. Both CME and PME applied with two electric intensities decreased the negative effect of EK on soil microbial variables. The lowest values of soil microbial variables were observed when EK was combined with EDTA. The following order was observed in values of soil microbial variables after treating with EK and chelates: EK + CME or EK + PME > EK > EK + EDTA. The CME and PME could increase the concentrations of available Pb and Zn, although the increase was less than that of EDTA. Overall, despite increasing soil available Pb and Zn, the combination of EK with manures (CME or PME) mitigated the negative effects of using EK on soil microbial properties. This study suggested that the synthetic chelates such as EDTA could be replaced with manures to alleviate the environmental risks of EK application.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Griffith University of Australia for the working environment and to gratefully acknowledge the Bu-Ali Sina University of Iran for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Future Research Institute, School of Biomolecular and Physical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia

    Iman Tahmasbian, Rongxiao Che & Shahla Hosseini Bai

  2. Department of Soil Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

    Ali Akbar Safari Sinegani

  3. Genecology, School of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Australia

    Thi Thu Nhan Nguyen & Shahla Hosseini Bai

  4. Australian River Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD, Nathan, 4111, Australia

    Thuc D. Phan

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  1. Iman Tahmasbian
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Tahmasbian, I., Safari Sinegani, A.A., Nguyen, T.T.N. et al. Application of manures to mitigate the harmful effects of electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals on soil microbial properties in polluted soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 26485–26496 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0281-y

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