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Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. II. Use of Land Cover Types and Altitudes

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Abstract

We investigated composition and structure of a temperate montane forest called Samage at Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan, one of the last refuges for the highly endangered black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). There is a patchwork of vegetation types at Samage, and we distinguished 6 major land cover types within the home range of the focal group. We tracked the semihabituated Gehuaqing band for a full annual cycle to study their habitat utilization and altitudinal ranging. We analyzed the group’s selective use of particular habitat types via selection ratios. We calculated habitat availability from a GIS database. We found that they used mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest disproportionately to its availability in all months. Subjects completely avoided meadows. Pine and evergreen broadleaf forests acted as corridors between patches of mixed forest and monkeys visited them occasionally, but at low frequencies and mostly in transit. The focal band stayed at elevations ranging from ca. 2600 m to 4000 m, and the mean elevation used is 3200 m. We found evidence for seasonal variation in use of elevational zones. The band stayed at significantly higher elevations in summer than in spring. The descent in spring was likely related to a flush of immature leaves at low-lying elevations. Availability of preferred fruits also had a highly positive influence on altitudinal ranging, i.e., during months with high fruit availability (late summer, early fall), the band stayed at medium elevations where preferred fruits were most abundant. Higher concentrations of lichens and the snub-nosed monkeys’ search for not yet depleted fruits probably caused them to remain at mid-elevations in winter. There is no significant correlation between climate parameters and elevation used. One of the main inferences of this investigation is that, contrary to previous accounts, Rhinopithecus bieti is not universally associated with high-elevation dark fir forest, but at Samage exhibits an overwhelming preference for mixed forest. Moreover, our analyses support the hypothesis that elevational migration, in this temperate-subtropical forest, is influenced by the temporal fruiting of major food trees and that climate has only a negligible effect on elevation use.

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Acknowledgments

We would have been unable to carry out the demanding field work without the help of our field assistants Shunkai Feng, Xuesheng Feng and Xuewen Feng. We thank Mr. Sikang Liu for permitting us to work at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve. We thank Carel van Schaik, Craig Kirkpatrick, and 2 anonymous reviewers for comments on the content of the manuscript. The following organizations and foundations funded this research project: Janggen-Pöhn-Stiftung, A. H. Schultz Stiftung, Zürcher Tierschutz, Zoological Society of San Diego, Offield Family Foundation, Amerman Foundation, Primate Conservation, Inc., G. & A. Claraz-Schenkung, Goethe-Stiftung, Jane Goodall Institute Schweiz, Kommission für Reisestipendien der Schweizerischen Akademie der Naturwissenschaften SANW, and Primate Action Fund of Conservation International. This research is also part of the Tacheng Golden Monkey Research Project, which is cofunded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470310, 30630529).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Life Science, China West Normal University, 637002, Nanchong, Sichuan, China

    Dayong Li, Zhengsong Peng & Fuwen Wei

  2. Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China

    Dayong Li, Cyril C. Grueter, Baoping Ren, Ming Li & Fuwen Wei

  3. Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland

    Cyril C. Grueter

  4. Jane Goodall Institute Switzerland, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland

    Cyril C. Grueter

  5. The Nature Conservancy, China Program, 650034, Kunming, China

    Yongcheng Long

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Correspondence to Fuwen Wei.

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Dayong Li and Cyril C. Grueter contributed equally to the paper.

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Li, D., Grueter, C.C., Ren, B. et al. Ranging of Rhinopithecus bieti in the Samage Forest, China. II. Use of Land Cover Types and Altitudes. Int J Primatol 29, 1147–1173 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-008-9298-x

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