Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is thought to be a rare consequence of iron overload seen in β-thalassemic transfused patients. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hypoparathyroidism in a large number of β-thalassemic patients, and its potential correlation with the presence of other endocrinopathies caused by iron overload. Serum and urine biochemical parameters were measured in 243 thalassemic patients (136 females and 107 males) in order to determine the prevalence of hypoparathyroidism and evaluate bone turnover. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of hypoparathyroidism. We compared the prevalence of other endocrinopathies and disease complications in the two groups. Hypoparathyroidism was detected in 13.5% of the patients (33 subjects; 17 males and 16 females). Serum-intact parathyroid hormone, and total and ionized calcium were significantly lower, while phosphorus was significantly higher in thalassemic patients with hypoparathyroidism. The reduction in BMD was more prominent in normal thalassemic patients (Z score = −2.246 ± 0.97) compared with those with hypoparathyroidism (Z score = −1.975 ± 0.89), although the difference was not statistically significant. Disturbed glucose metabolism was more common in patients with hypoparathyroidism (P < 0.05). In addition, heart dysfunction was statistically more frequent in this group (odds ratio = 2.51, P < 0.05). Hypoparathyroidism is a not infrequently observed complication in thalassemic patients. Since the concentration of ferritin is not a valuable tool in the prediction of the development of hypoparathyroidism, parathyroid function should be tested periodically, particularly when other iron overload-associated complications occur.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
NF Olivieri DG Nathan JH MacMillan AS Wayne PP Liu A McGee M Martin G Koren AR Cohen (1994) ArticleTitleSurvival in medically treated patients with homozygous β-thalassemia N Engl J Med 331 574–578 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199409013310903 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuA383osVw%3D Occurrence Handle8047081
NF Olivieri (1999) ArticleTitleThe β-thalassemias N Engl J Med 341 99–109 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199907083410207 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXks1Glsb8%3D Occurrence Handle10395635
A Abdollah Shamshirsaz MR Bekheirnia M Kamgar N Pourzahedgilani N Bouzari M Habibzadeh R Hashemi AH Abdollah Shamshirsaz S Aghakhani H Homayoun B Larijani (2003) ArticleTitleMetabolic and endocrinologic complications in beta-thalassemia major: a multicenter study in Tehran BMC Endocr Disord 3 4 Occurrence Handle10.1186/1472-6823-3-4
InstitutionalAuthorNameItalian Working Group on Endocrine (1995) ArticleTitleMulticentre study on prevalence of endocrine complications in thalassaemia major. Complications in nonendocrine diseases Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 42 581–586
JF Aloia JA Ostuni JK Yeh EC Zaino (1982) ArticleTitleCombined vitamin D parathyroid defect in thalassemia major Arch Intern Med 142 831–832 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archinte.142.4.831 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2C1c7jvVQ%3D Occurrence Handle6978696
JP Chern KH Lin (2002) ArticleTitleHypoparathyroidism in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24 291–293 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00043426-200205000-00014 Occurrence Handle11972098
M Karimi F Habibzadeh V De Sanctis (2003) ArticleTitleHypoparathyroidism with extensive intracerebral calcification in patients with beta-thalassemia major J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16 883–886 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsFeqsLY%3D Occurrence Handle12948301
V De Sanctis C Vullo B Bagni L Chiccoli (1992) ArticleTitleHypoparathyroidism in beta-thalassemia major. Clinical and laboratory observations in 24 patients Acta Haematol 88 105–108 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyC3c3mvFE%3D Occurrence Handle1466190
AM Parfitt (1972) ArticleTitleThe spectrum of hypoparathyroidism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34 152–158 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CS2D1cjotlI%3D Occurrence Handle4621463
S Mohammadian HR Bazrafshan A Sadeghi-Nejad (2003) ArticleTitleEndocrine gland abnormalities in thalassemia major: a brief review J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16 957–964 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvFOhu7c%3D Occurrence Handle14513870
AW Ang SM Ko CH Tan (1995) ArticleTitleCalcium, magnesium, and psychotic symptoms in a girl with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism Psychosom Med 57 299–302 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqA1c%2FlvFI%3D Occurrence Handle7652132
R Lala P Chiabotto M Di Stefano GC Isaia F Garofalo A Piga (1998) ArticleTitleBone density and metabolism in thalassemia J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 11 785–790 Occurrence Handle10091147
S Alagna A Masala D Gallisai A Ginanni C Burrai A Pinna S Rassu P Rovasio L Devilla (1992) ArticleTitleParathyroid function and bone metabolism in children with beta-thalassaemia major: effects of sex steroid treatment Eur J Med 1 153–157 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuD1c%2FjtFM%3D Occurrence Handle1341435
C Vullo V De Sanctis M Katz B Wonke AV Hoffbrand B Bagni T Torresani G Tolis M Masiero A Di Palma et al. (1990) ArticleTitleEndocrine abnormalities in thalassemia Ann NY Acad Sci 612 293–310 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6C2M%2FptlE%3D Occurrence Handle2291557
S Domrongkitchaiporn V Sirikulchayanonta P Angchaisuksiri W Stitchantrakul C Kanokkantapong R Rajatanavin (2003) ArticleTitleAbnormalities in bone mineral density and bone histology in thalassemia J Bone Miner Res 18 1682–1688 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsVymu7s%3D Occurrence Handle12968678
M Economou G Katzos A Koussi I Tsatra M Athanassiou-Metaxa (2003) ArticleTitleHypoparathyroidism in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 275–276 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00043426-200303000-00020 Occurrence Handle12621253
JP Chern KH Lin WY Tsai SC Wang MY Lu DT Lin KS Lin SH Lo (2003) ArticleTitleHypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hematologic phenotype in patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 880–884 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00043426-200303000-00021 Occurrence Handle14608198
A Filosa S Di Maio S Vocca A Saviano G Esposito L Pagano (1997) ArticleTitleLongitudinal monitoring of bone mineral density in thalassemic patients: genetic structure and osteoporosis Acta Paediatr 86 342–346 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiA3MnpsVY%3D Occurrence Handle9174216
A Lasco N Morabito A Gaudio M Buemi M Wasniewska N Frisina (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of hormonal replacement therapy on bone metabolism in young adults with beta-thalassemia major Osteoporos Int 12 570–575 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s001980170079 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXns1yqtLk%3D Occurrence Handle11527055
E Voskaridou MC Kyrtsonis E Terpos M Skordili I Theodoropoulos A Bergele E Diamanti A Kalovidouris A Loutradi D Loukopoulos (2001) ArticleTitleBone resorption is increased in young adults with thalassemia major Br J Haematol 112 36–41 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02549.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ltFaksw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11167780
CE Jensen SM Tuck JE Agnew S Koneru RW Morris A Yardumian E Prescott AV Hoffbrand B Wonke (1998) ArticleTitleHigh incidence of osteoporosis in thalassemia major J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 11 975–977 Occurrence Handle10091176
ML Anapliotou IT Kastanias P Psara EA Evangelou M Liparaki P Dimitriou (1995) ArticleTitleThe contribution of hypogonadism to the development of osteoporosis in thalassemia major: new therapeutic approaches Clin Endocrinol (Oxford) 42 279–287 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqB2sjpvVU%3D
B Wonke C Jensen JJ Hanslip E Prescott M Lalloz M Layton S Erten S Tuck JE Agnew K Raja K Davies AV Hoffbrand (1998) ArticleTitleGenetic and acquired predisposing factors and treatment of osteoporosis in thalassemia major J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 11 795–801 Occurrence Handle10091149
M Angastiniotis N Pavlides K Aristidou A Kanakas M Yerakaris E Eracleous T Posporis (1998) ArticleTitleBone pain in thalassemia: assessment of DEXA and MRI findings Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 11 779–784
R Lala P Chiabotto M Di Stefano GC Isaia F Garofalo A Piga (1998) ArticleTitleBone density and metabolism in thalassemia J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 11 785–790 Occurrence Handle10091147
S Domrongkitchaiporn V Sirikulchayanonta P Angchaisuksiri W Stitchantrakul C Kanokkantapong R Rajatanavin (2003) ArticleTitleAbnormalities in bone mineral density and bone histology in thalassemia J Bone Miner Res 18 1682–1688 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsVymu7s%3D Occurrence Handle12968678
L Rioja R Girot M Garabedian G Cournot-Witmer (1990) ArticleTitleBone disease in children with homozygous beta-thalassaemia Bone Miner 8 69–86 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0169-6009(91)90142-M Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BC28jjtlw%3D Occurrence Handle2306556
Y Duan VD Luca E Seeman (1999) ArticleTitleParathyroid hormone deficiency and excess: similar effects on trabecular bone but differing effects on cortical bone J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 718–722 Occurrence Handle10.1210/jc.84.2.718 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtVCiu7s%3D Occurrence Handle10022443
Y Xue AC Karaplis GN Hendy D Goltzman D Miao (2005) ArticleTitleGenetic models show that parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 play distinct and synergistic roles in postnatal mineral ion homeostasis and skeletal development Hum Mol Genet 14 1515–1528 Occurrence Handle10.1093/hmg/ddi160 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktlKqt7o%3D Occurrence Handle15843402
ET Littledike DA Witzel SC Whipp (1966) ArticleTitleInsulin: evidence for inhibitor of release in spontaneous hypocalcemia Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 129 135–139
GM Grodsky LL Bennett (1966) ArticleTitleEffect of glucose “pulse,” glucagon, and the cations [Ca.sup.++], [Mg.sup.++], and [K.sup.+] on insulin secretion in vitro J Clin Invest 45 1018
CB Wollheim GW Sharp (1981) ArticleTitleRegulation of insulin release by calcium Physiol Rev 61 914–973 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhsFahtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6117094
Y Tanaka Y Seino M Ishida K Yamaoka K Satomura H Yabuuchi H Imura (1986) ArticleTitleEffect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin [D.sub.3] on insulin secretion: direct or mediated? Endocrinology 118 1971–1976 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XitF2kuro%3D Occurrence Handle3516655
BS Chertow WI Sivitz NG Baranetsky SA Clark A Waite HF DeLuca (1983) ArticleTitleCellular mechanisms of insulin release: the effects of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on rat insulin secretion Endocrinology 113 1511–1517 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlslClsb8%3D Occurrence Handle6352248
BS Chertow WI Sivitz NG Baranetsky MB Cordle HF DeLuca (1986) ArticleTitleIslet insulin release and net calcium retention in vitro in vitamin D–deficient rats Diabetes 35 771–775 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XltFCjt7s%3D Occurrence Handle3522318
C Cade AW Norman (1986) ArticleTitleVitamin [D.sub.3] improves impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in the vitamin D–deficient rat in vivo Endocrinology 119 84–90 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XkvFKgt7g%3D Occurrence Handle3013599
Y Tanaka Y Seino M Ishida K Yamaoka H Yabuuchi H Ishida S Seino H Imura (1984) ArticleTitleEffect of vitamin [D.sub.3] on the pancreatic secretion of insulin and somatostatin Acta Endocrinol 105 528–533 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhvFSlsLg%3D Occurrence Handle6144227
JW Pike (1981) ArticleTitleReceptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick pancreas: a partial physical and functional characterisation J Steroid Biochem 16 385–395
RL Morrissey TJ Bucci RN Empson EG Lufkin (1975) ArticleTitleCalcium binding protein: its cellular localisation in jejunum, kidney and pancreas Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 149 56–60 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXksFCrt7c%3D Occurrence Handle806919
A Ismail R Namala (2000) ArticleTitleImpaired glucose tolerance in vitamin D deficiency can be corrected by calcium J Nutr Biochem 11 170–175 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitVSqsbo%3D Occurrence Handle10742663
JP Chern KH Lin MY Lu DT Lin KS Lin JD Chen CC Fu (2001) ArticleTitleAbnormal glucose tolerance in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemic patients Diabetes Care 24 850–854 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVCku7w%3D Occurrence Handle11347742
KD Schluter HM Piper (1998) ArticleTitleCardiovascular actions of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide Cardiovasc Res 37 34–41 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlKhsrs%3D Occurrence Handle9539855
SN Baksi (1988) ArticleTitleHypotensive action of parathyroid hormone in hypoparathyroid and hyperparathyroid rats Hypertension 11 509–513 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXks1Onsbg%3D Occurrence Handle3384466
H Altunbas MK Balci G Yazicioglu E Semiz G Ozbilim Karayalcin (2003) ArticleTitleHypocalcemic cardiomyopathy due to untreated hypoparathyroidism Horm Res 59 201–204 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit1Kmtbc%3D Occurrence Handle12649575
K Hurley D Baggs (2005) ArticleTitleHypocalcemic cardiac failure in the emergency department J Emerg Med 28 155–159 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.06.014 Occurrence Handle15707810
NG Fisher A Armitage RJ McGonigle TJ Gilbert (2001) ArticleTitleHypocalcaemic cardiomyopathy: the relationship between myocardial damage, left ventricular function, calcium and ECG changes in a patient with idiopathic hypocalcaemia Eur J Heart Fail 3 373–376 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3psleqtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11378010
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Angelopoulos, N., Goula, A., Rombopoulos, G. et al. Hypoparathyroidism in transfusion-dependent patients with β-thalassemia. J Bone Miner Metab 24, 138–145 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-005-0660-1
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-005-0660-1