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Exogenously induced brain activation regulates neuronal activity by top-down modulation: conceptualized model for electrical brain stimulation

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Abstract

Physiological and exogenous factors are able to adjust sensory processing by modulating activity at different levels of the nervous system hierarchy. Accordingly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may use top-down mechanisms to control the access for incoming information along the neuroaxis. To test the hypothesis that brain activation induced by tCDS is able to initiate top-down modulation and that chronic stress disrupts this effect, 60-day-old male Wistar rats (n = 78) were divided into control; control + tDCS; control + sham-tDCS; stress; stress + tDCS; and stress + sham-tDCS. Chronic stress was induced using a restraint stress model for 11 weeks, and then, the treatment was applied over 8 days. BDNF levels were used to assess neuronal activity at spinal cord, brainstem, and hippocampus. Mechanical pain threshold was assessed by von Frey test immediately and 24 h after the last tDCS-intervention. tDCS was able to decrease BDNF levels in the structures involved in the descending systems (spinal cord and brainstem) only in unstressed animals. The treatment was able to reverse the stress-induced allodynia and to increase the pain threshold in unstressed animals. Furthermore, there was an inverse relation between pain sensitivity and spinal cord BDNF levels. Accordingly, we propose the addition of descending systems in the current brain electrical modulation model.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the following Brazilian funding agencies: the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq (Dr. I. L. S. Torres, Dr. W. Caumo, V. L. Scarabelot), the Foundation of Support of Research of Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS/PRONEM (ILS Torres–Grant 11/2050), the Graduate Research Group (GPPG) of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-HCPA (I. L. S. Torres–Grant 100381), the Committee for the Development of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES (J. R. Rozisky, L. N. S. Adachi, L. F. Medeiros, C. Oliveira, A. C. de Souza), and Grant Doc-Fix FAPERGS/CAPES/09-2012 (A. S. Quevedo). We also want to thank to engineering from the HCPA for have developed the tDCS stimulator.

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The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

      Lauren Naomi Spezia Adachi, Andressa de Souza, Joanna Ripoll Rozisky, Carla de Oliveira, Paulo Ricardo Marques Filho, Wolnei Caumo & Iraci L. S. Torres

    2. Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil

      Lauren Naomi Spezia Adachi, Andressa de Souza, Vanessa Leal Scarabelot, Joanna Ripoll Rozisky, Carla de Oliveira, Paulo Ricardo Marques Filho, Liciane Fernandes Medeiros & Iraci L. S. Torres

    3. Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

      Alexandre Silva Quevedo, Vanessa Leal Scarabelot, Joanna Ripoll Rozisky, Liciane Fernandes Medeiros & Iraci L. S. Torres

    4. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

      Felipe Fregni

    5. Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Animal Models, Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

      Lauren Naomi Spezia Adachi, Alexandre Silva Quevedo, Andressa de Souza, Vanessa Leal Scarabelot, Carla de Oliveira, Paulo Ricardo Marques Filho, Liciane Fernandes Medeiros, Wolnei Caumo & Iraci L. S. Torres

    6. Departamento de Farmacologia-ICBS, UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 202, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil

      Iraci L. S. Torres

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    Correspondence to Iraci L. S. Torres.

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    Lauren Naomi Spezia Adachi and Alexandre Silva Quevedo have contributed equally to this work.

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    Spezia Adachi, L.N., Quevedo, A.S., de Souza, A. et al. Exogenously induced brain activation regulates neuronal activity by top-down modulation: conceptualized model for electrical brain stimulation. Exp Brain Res 233, 1377–1389 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4212-1

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