Abstract
The clayey soil containing montmorillonite minerals exhibits both time-dependent compression called creep and swelling behavior, which is time-dependent expansion. Both the creep and swelling characteristics of the clayey soils have a significant influence on the deformation and failure of geotechnical structures. Study of time-dependent stress–strain behavior of a clayey soil is a great concern for construction purposes. In this paper, the long-term time-dependent behavior of Indian Black Cotton (BC) soil is investigated under a series of test in Oedometer apparatus at different loading pattern. The experimental result shows that non-linear function is suitable for prediction of long-term creep and swelling behavior of BC soil. Using the non-linear function, the behavior of the strain rate with time and the effective stress is studied. The strain rate, after the end of primary consolidation, decreases non-linearly to attain an equilibrium after reaching an equilibrium condition, and it is independent of the loading. The experimental result indicates that BC soil shows the repeated ability to swell at different stages of loading–reloading cycles. The experimental results along with the performance evaluation of the analytical model to predict long-term consolidation and creep behavior of BC soil are presented and discussed in details.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Krishna AM (2012) Emerging trends in geotechnical engineering. In: Proceedings of national workshop on emerging trends in geotechnical engineering (ETGE 2012), Guwahati, India
Katti RK (1978) Search for solutions to problems in black cotton soils. Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
Gupta C, Sharma RK Study of black cotton soil and local clay soil for sub-grade characteristic
Yin J-H (1990) Constitutive modelling of time-dependent stress-strain behaviour of soils
Phanikumar BR, Sharma RS (2007) Volume change behavior of fly ash-stabilized clays. J Mater Civ Eng 19(1):67–74
Yin J, Tong F (2011) Constitutive modeling of time-dependent stress–strain behaviour of saturated soils exhibiting both creep and swelling. Can Geotech J 48:1870–1885
Wong CK, Waz RG, Wong RCK (2018) Methodology for estimating creep deformation from consolidation deformation in 1D compression. Int J Geomech 20:20
Jones DE Jr, Holtz WG (1973) Expansive soils—the hidden disaster. ASCE 43(8):49–51
Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H, Fredlund MD (2012) Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice, 1st edn. Wiley, New York
Kate JM (2008) A case study on rectification of damaged structures on expansive soil deposits
Lai XL, Ye WM, Cui YJ (2014) Experimental investigation on the creep behavior of an unsaturated clay. Can Geotech J 51(2):621–628
Cheng G, Zhu H-H, Wen Y-N, Shi B, Gao L (2020) Experimental investigation of consolidation properties of nano-bentonite mixed clayey soil. Sustainability 12(2):459
Bjerrum L (1967) Engineering geology of Norwegian normally-consolidated marine clays as related to settlements of building. Geotechnique 17(2):81–118
Graham B, Crooks (1983) Time effects on the stress–strain behaviour of natural soft clays. Géotechnique 33(3):327–340
Chen W-B, Yin J-H, Feng W-Q, Borana L, Chen R-P (2018) Accumulated permanent axial strain of a subgrade fill under cyclic high-speed railway loading. Int J Geomech 18(5):4018018
Yin J (2013) Review of elastic visco-plastic modeling of the time-dependent stress-strain behavior of soils and its extension and applications, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, pp 149–157
Mitchell JK, Soga K (1993) Fundamentals of soil behavior, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Gholamreza M (1973) Coefficient of secondary compression. ASCE J Soil Mech Found Div 99(SM1):123–137
Navarro A (2001) Secondary compression of clays as a local dehydration process. Géotechnique 51(10):859–869
Zhu H-H, Zhang C-C, Mei G-X, Shi B, Gao L (2017) Prediction of one-dimensional compression behavior of Nansha clay using fractional derivatives. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 35(5):688–697
Yin J-H, Graham J (1994) Equivalent times and one-dimensional elastic viscoplastic modelling of time-dependent stress–strain behaviour of clays. Can Geotech J 31(1):42–52
Yin J-H, Graham J (1989) Viscous-elastic-plastic modelling of one-dimensional time-dependent behaviour of clays. Can Geotech J 26:199–209
Yin J-H, Graham J (1994) Equivalent times and one-dimensional elastic viscoplastic modelling of time-dependent stress strain behavior of clays. Can Geotech J 31:42–52
Chen W-B, Liu K, Feng W-Q, Borana L, Yin J-H (2020) Influence of matric suction on nonlinear time-dependent compression behavior of a granular fill material. Acta Geotech 15(3):615–633
Sun J (1999) Rheology of geomaterials and applications. Chinese Construction Industry Publishing House, Beijing
Nash D (2001) Modelling the effects of surcharge to reduce long term settlement of reclamations over soft clays: a numerical case study. Soils Found 41(5):1–13
Feng W, Lalit B, Yin Z, Yin J (2017) Long-term Non-linear creep and swelling behavior of Hong Kong marine deposits in oedometer condition. Comput Geotech 84:1–15
Yin J-H (1999) Non-linear creep of soils in oedometer tests. Geotechnique 49(5):699–707
Kaniraj SR, Gayathri V (2004) Permeability and consolidation characteristics of compacted fly ash. J Energy Eng 130(1):18–43
Sridharan A, Gurtug Y (2004) Swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils. Eng Geol 72(1–2):9–18
Yin JH (1999) Properties and behaviour of Hong Kong marine deposits with different clay contents. Can Geotech J 36(6):1085–1095
Suzanne Powell VHRJ, Andy Take W, Siemens G (2012) Time-dependent behaviour of the Bearpaw Shale in oedometric loading and unloading. Can Geotech J 49(12):427–441
Hawlader BC, Muhunthan B, Imai G (2003) Viscosity effects on one-dimensional consolidation of clay. Int J Geomech 3(1):99–110
Powell JS, Take WA, Siemens G, Remenda VH (2012) Time-dependent behaviour of the Bearpaw Shale in oedometric loading and unloading. Can Geotech J 49(4):427–441
Mesri G, Feng TW, Shahien M (1999) Coefficient of consolidation by inflection point method. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125(8):716–718
Mesri G, Castro A (1987) C α/C c concept and K 0 during secondary compression. J Geotech Eng 113(3):230–247
Nakase A, Kamei T, Kusakabe O (1988) Constitutive parameters estimated by plasticity index. J Geotech Eng 114(7):844–858
Tong F, Yin J-H (2013) Experimental and constitutive modeling of relaxation behaviors of three clayey soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(11):1973–1981
Graham J, Sunn BCC, Gray MN (1986) Strength and volume change characteristics of a sand-bentonite buffer
Sridharan A (1991) Engineering behaviour of fine grained soils a fundamental approach. Indian Geotech J 21(2):133–144
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, M.J., Weiqiang, F., Dong-Sheng, X. et al. Experimental Study of Compression Behavior of Indian Black Cotton Soil in Oedometer Condition. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 6, 30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00207-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00207-0