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Screening of Natural Sodium Acetate-Based Low-Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) for Enhanced Extraction of Antioxidants and Pigments from Red Vinification Solid Wastes

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Abstract

Low-transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs), also known as deep eutectic solvents, are liquid mixtures of natural substances that possess unique properties, not encountered with conventional solvents. Such liquids represent a state-of-the-art means of extracting bioactive plant constituents, yet the plethora of combinations of various substances that form LTTMs dictates detailed comparative testing, to identify LTTMs with high extraction capacity. In this study, a number of combinations of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) with sodium acetate serving as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), was attempted. The stable LTTMs formed were then used to extract antioxidant polyphenols and pigments from red grape pomace (RGP). The LTTM composed of L-lactic acid and sodium acetate at a molar ratio of 5:1 was found to be the most efficient solvent, giving a total polyphenol yield of 134.54 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of dry weight and a total pigment yield of 3.32 mg malvin equivalents per g of dry weight. The extract obtained with this particular LTTM also possessed the strongest antioxidant activity. The principal compounds in this extract were tentatively identified as phenolic acids, anthocyanin pigment derivatives and a flavonol glycoside.

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Abbreviations

AAR :

antiradical activity (μmol DPPH g−1)

C TFn :

total flavonoid concentration (mg RtE L−1)

PR :

reducing power (μmol AAE g−1)

RL/S :

liquid-to-solid ratio (mL g−1)

Rt :

retention time (min)

YTFn :

yield in total flavonoids (mg RtE g−1)

YTPm :

yield in total pigments (mg MvE g−1)

YTP :

yield in total polyphenols (mg GAE g−1)

AAE:

ascorbic acid equivalents

BD:

2,3-butanediol

DPPH:

2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical

dw:

dry weight

GAE:

gallic acid equivalents

GL:

glycerol

HBA:

hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

hydrogen bond donor

LA:

L-lactic acid

LTTM:

low-transition temperature mixture

MvE:

malvin (malvidin 3-O-glucoside) equivalents

OA:

oxalic acid

RGP:

red grape pomace

RtE:

rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside) equivalents

SA:

sodium acetate

TPTZ:

2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitr. Ioakim Street, Myrina, 81400, Lemnos, Greece

    Maria Patsea, Ifigenia Stefou & Dimitris P. Makris

  2. Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I. Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece

    Spyros Grigorakis

Authors
  1. Maria Patsea
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  2. Ifigenia Stefou
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  3. Spyros Grigorakis
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  4. Dimitris P. Makris
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Correspondence to Dimitris P. Makris.

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Patsea, M., Stefou, I., Grigorakis, S. et al. Screening of Natural Sodium Acetate-Based Low-Transition Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs) for Enhanced Extraction of Antioxidants and Pigments from Red Vinification Solid Wastes. Environ. Process. 4, 123–135 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-016-0205-8

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