Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not completely effective in removing vancomycin. In this study, affecting parameters on vancomycin degradation, such as pH, catalyst, initial vancomycin concentration, temperature, and reaction time were investigated simultaneously during a removal process based on titanium dioxide with ultraviolet irradiation in an aqueous solution. Titanium dioxide was synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the synthesized crystals was 4.7 (± 0.2) nm. Design of experiments was done by a central composite design based on the response surface methodology and multiple linear regression was implemented to construct the final model and evaluate the design. The total sum square values of the model were compared with the total sum squares of the error (residual) using Analysis of Variance. R2 in the final model was 0.92, which was close to R2adj (0.88). The optimal values of vancomycin degradation (pH = 5.1, initial concentration of vancomycin = 58.2 mg l−1, titanium dioxide = 54.9 mg in 250 ml reactor, temperature = 39.6 °C, time = 36.3 min) were obtained. Vancomycin degradation efficiency with the ultraviolet application was 89.5% which reached 93% with aeration and 25% without ultraviolet. After twice catalyst reuse, it was decreased from 89.5 to 80% and 78%. According to the results, obtained optimal conditions during treatment by titanium dioxide is an acceptable way to eliminate vancomycin in pharmaceutical industries wastewater, in high concentrations and mild-acidic pH, which does not require high temperatures and much time.
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Acknowledgements
This article was extracted from the thesis written by Fatemeh Dehghani Ph.D. student in Environmental Engineering. We would like to appreciate the financial support of the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran, and the laboratory facilities of the School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The cooperation of Ms. Shima Bahrami and the support of Dr. Reza Sadeghi are also appreciated. The authors would like to thank Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran and also Center for Development of Clinical Research of Nemazee Hospital and Dr. Nasrin Shokrpour for editorial assistance.
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Dehghani, F., Yousefinejad, S., Dehghani, M. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of vancomycin using titanium dioxide and optimization by central composite design. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 8957–8968 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04117-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04117-8