Abstract
Morphometric methods permit identification of insect species and are an aid for taxonomy. Quantitative wing traits were used to identify male euglossine bees. Landmark- and outline-based methods have been primarily used independently. Here, we combine the two methods using five Euglossa. Landmark-based methods correctly classified 84% and outline-based 77%, but an integrated analysis correctly classified 91% of samples. Some species presented significantly high reclassification percentages when only wing cell contour was considered, and correct identification of specimens with damaged wings was also obtained using this methodology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, D.C., Rohlf, F.J., Slice, D.E. (2004) Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the “revolution”. Ital. J. Zool. 71, 5–16
Aytekin, A.M., Terzo, M., Rasmont, P., Çagatay, N. (2007) Landmark based geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape in Sibiricobombus Vogt (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus Latreille). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 43, 95–102
Bloch, G., Francoy, T.M., Wachtel, I., Panitz-Cohen, N., Fuchs, S., Mazar, A. (2010) Industrial apiculture in the Jordan valley during Biblical times with Anatolian honeybees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107, 11240–11244
Bookstein, F.L. (1991) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bookstein, F.L. (1997) Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: localizing group differences in outline shape. Med. Image Anal. 1, 225–243
Bubliy, O.A., Tcheslavskaia, K.S., Kulikov, A.M., Lazebny, O.E., Mitrofanov, V.G. (2008) Variation of wing shape in the Drosophila virilis species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 46, 38–47
Catalano, S.A., Goloboff, P.A., Giannini, N.P. (2010) Phylogenetic morphometrics (I): the use of landmark data in a phylogenetic framework. Cladistics. 26, 539–549
Francisco, F.O., Nunes-Silva, P., Francoy, T.M., Wittmann, D., Iimperatriz-Fonseca, V.L., Arias, M.C., Morgan, E.D. (2008) Morphometrical, biochemical and molecular tools for assessing biodiversity. An example in Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903)(Apidae, Meliponini). Insecte. Soc. 55, 231–237
Francoy, T.M., Prado, P.P.R., Gonçalves, L.S., Costa, L.D., De Jong, D. (2006) Morphometric differences in a single wing cell can discriminate Apis mellifera racial types. Apidologie 37, 91–97
Francoy, T.M., Wittmann, D., Drauschke, M., Müller, S., Steinhage, V., Bezerra-Laure, M.A.F., De Jong, D., Gonçalves, L.S. (2008) Identification of Africanized honey bees through wing morphometrics: two fast and efficient procedures. Apidologie 39, 488–494
Francoy, T.M., Silva, R.A.O., Nunes-Silva, P., Menezes, C., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. (2009) Gender identification in five genera of stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini) based on wing morphology. Gen. Mol. Res. 8, 207–214
Francoy, T.M., Grassi, M.L., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L., May-Itzá, W., Quezada-Euán, J.J.G. (2011) Geometric morphometrics of the wing as a tool for assigning genetic lineages and geographic origin to Melipona beecheii (Hymenoptera: Meliponini). Apidologie 42, 499–507
Iwata, H., Ukai, Y. (2002) SHAPE: a computer program package for quantitative evaluation of biological shapes based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. J. Hered. 93, 384–385
Kandemir, I., Moradi, M.G., Özden, B., Özkan, A. (2009) Wing geometry as a tool for studying the population structure of dwarf honey bees (Apis florea Fabricius 1876) in Iran. J. Apic. Res. 48, 238–246
Klingenberg, C.P., Gidaszewski, N.A. (2010) Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data. Syst. Biol. 59, 245–261
Kuhl, F.P., Giardina, C.R. (1982) Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour. Comput. Graph. Image. Proc. 18, 236–258
Lopez-Uribe, M.M., Del Lama, M.A. (2007) Molecular identification of species of the Genus Euglossa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossini). Neotrop. Entomol. 36, 712–720
Loy, A., Busillachi, S., Costa, C., Ferlin, L., Cataudella, S. (2000) Comparing geometric morphometrics and outline fitting methods to monitor fish shape variability of Diplodus puntazzo (Teleostea: Sparidae). Aqua. Eng. 21, 271–283
Marcus, L.F. (1990) Traditional morphometrics. In: Rohlf, F.J., Bookstein, F.L. (eds.) Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop. Special Publication Number 2, p. 77–122. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor
Mendes, M.F.M., Francoy, T.M., Nunes-Silva, P., Menezes, C., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. (2007) Intra-populational variability of Nannotrigona testaceicornis Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) using relative warp analysis. Biosci. J. 23, 147–152
Moraes, E.M., Spressola, V.L., Prado, P.R.R., Costa, L.F., Sene, F.M. (2004) Divergence in wing morphology among sibling species of the Drosophila buzzatii cluster. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 42, 154–158
Moure, J.S., Urban, D., Melo, G.A.R. (2007) Catalogue of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical region. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia-Curitiba
Nemesio, A. (2010) The orchid-bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of a forest remnant in northeastern Brazil, with new geographic records and an identification key to the known species of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa. 2656, 5–66
Ramirez, S.R., Roubik, D.W., Skov, C., Pierce, N.E. (2010) Phylogeny, diversification patterns and historical biogeography of euglossine orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 100, 552–572
Rohlf, F.J. (2007) tpsRelw, version 1.45. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook
Rohlf, F.J. (2008a) tpsUtil, version 1.40. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook
Rohlf, F.J. (2008b) tpsDig, version 2.12. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook
Rohlf, F.J., Marcus, L.F. (1993) A revolution in morphometrics. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 129–132
Roubik, D.W. (1989) Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees. Cambridge Univ Press, New York
Roubik, D.W. (2004) Sibling species of Glossura and Glossuropoda in the Amazon region (Hymenoptera; Apidae: Euglossini). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 77, 235–253
Roubik, D.W., Hanson, P.E. (2004) Orchid bees of Tropical America, Biology and Field Guide. INBio Press, Santo Domingo de Heredia
Ruttner, F. (1988) Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees. Springer Verlag, Berlin
Ruttner, F., Tassencourt, L., Louveaux, J. (1978) Biometrical–statistical analysis of the geographic variability of Apis mellifera L. Apidologie 9, 363–381
Schröder, S., Wittmann, D., Drescher, W., Roth, V., Steinhage, V., Cremers, A.B. (2006) The new key to bees: Automated Identification by image analysis of wings. In Kevan, P. Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. (eds.) Pollinating Bees. The conservation link between agriculture and nature. 2nd Edition, p. 229–236
Silveira, F.A., Pinheiro-Machado, C., Alves-dos-Santos, I., Kleinert, A.M.P., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. (2006) Taxonomic constraints for the conservation and sustainable use of wild pollinators—the Brazilian wild bees. In: Kevan, P. Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. (eds.) Pollinating Bees. The conservation link between agriculture and nature. 2nd Edition, p. 47–56.
Smith, M.A., Rodriguez, J.J., Whitfield, J.B., Deans, A.R., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Herbert, P.D.N. (2008) Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105, 12359–12364
Statsoft Inc. (2001) STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 6.0 www.statsoft.com
Tofilski, A. (2008) Using geometric morphometrics and standard morphometry to discriminate three honey bee subspecies. Apidologie 39, 558–563
Villemant, C., Simbolotti, G., Kenis, M. (2007) Discrimination of Eubazus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) sibling species using geometric morphometrics analysis of wing venation. Syst. Entomol. 32, 625–634
Zimmerman, Y., Roubik, D.W., Eltz, T. (2006) Species-specific attraction to pheromonal analogues in orchid bees. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60, 833–843
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by FAPESP (2011/0946-0 and 2011/07857-9 to T.M.F.) and CNPq (151947/2007-4 to T.M.F.)
Distinction efficace entre espèces d’ Euglossa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) grâce à l’utilisation combinée des méthodes morphométriques par points d’intérêt et par contours.
Euglossine / identification des espèces / morphométrie / aile / caractère quantitatif
Integration von landmarken- und umrissbasierten morphometrischen Methoden kann verschieden Arten von Euglossa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) effektiv unterscheiden.
Euglossine Bienen / Identifizierung von Arten / Morphometrie / Flügel / quantitative Merkmale
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript Editor: Marina Meixner
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary figure 1
Scatterplot of the discriminant analysis using partial warps and the centroid size from the five Euglossa species obtained in the landmark-based analysis. (JPEG 66 kb)
Supplementary figure 2
Scatterplot of the discriminant analysis using the 11 principal components obtained in the outline-based analysis of the second and third submarginal cells. (JPEG 72 kb)
Supplementary Table I
(PDF 68 kb)
Supplementary Table II
(PDF 73 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Francoy, T.M., de Faria Franco, F. & Roubik, D.W. Integrated landmark and outline-based morphometric methods efficiently distinguish species of Euglossa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini). Apidologie 43, 609–617 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0132-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-012-0132-2