Skip to main content
Log in

Development of planting-density growth harvest (PGH) charts for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and sowthistle (Ixeris dentata Nakai) grown hydroponically in closed-type plant production systems

Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

When designing a plant production system, it is crucial to perform advanced estimation of growth and productivity in relation to cultivation factors. In this study, we developed Planting-density Growth Harvest (PGH) charts to facilitate the estimation of crop growth and harvest factors such as growth rate, relative growth rate, shoot fresh weight, harvesting time, marketable rate, and marketable yield for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and sowthistle (Ixeris dentata Nakai). The plants were grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system in a closed-type plant factory under fluorescent lamps with three-band radiation under a light intensity of 140 μmol·m-2 ·s-1, with a 12-h/12-h (day/night) photoperiod. We analyzed the growth and yield of quinoa and sowthistle grown in nutrient solution at EC 2.0 dS·m-1 under four planting densities: 15 cm between rows with a within-row distance of 15 × 10 cm (67 plants/m 2), 15 × 15 cm (44 plants/m2), 15 × 20 cm (33 plants/m2), and 15 × 25 cm (27 plants/m2). Crop growth rate, relative growth rate, and lost time were closely correlated with planting density. We constructed PGH charts based on the growth data and existing models. Using these charts, growth factors could easily be determined, including growth rate, relative growth rate, and lost time, as well as harvest factors such as shoot fresh weight, marketable yield per area, and harvesting time, based on at least two parameters, for instance, planting density and shoot fresh weight.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Cavero J, Ortega RG, Gutierrez M (2001) Plant density affects yield, yield components, and color of direct-seeded paprika pepper. HortScience 36:76–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Cha MY, Son JE, Cho YY (2014) Growth model of sowthistle (Ixeris dentata Nakai) using expolinear function in a closed-type plant production system. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 32:165–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi JS, Young HS, Kim BW (1990) Hypoglycemic and hypolipemic effects of Ixeris dentate in diabetic rats. Arch Pharm Res 13:269–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennett MD, Ishag KHM (1998) Use of the expolinear growth model to analyze the growth of faba bean, peas and lentils at three densities: Predictive use of the model. Ann Bot 82:507–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gawlik-Dziki U, Swiecaa M, Sulkowski M, Dziki D, Baraniaka B, Czyz J (2013) Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Chenopodium quinoa leaves extracts–In vitro study. Food Chem Toxicol 57:154–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goudriaan J, Monteith JL (1990) A mathematical function for crop growth based on light interception and leaf area expansion. Ann Bot 66:695–701

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuvelink E (1995) Effect of plant density on biomass allocation to the fruits in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Sci Hortic 64:193–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM (1989) Dry matter distribution in tomato and cucumber. Acta Hortic 260:149–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong SG, Jeong DM, Kim KY, Hwang EH (2010) The composition of the root of Ixeris dentata var. albiflora Nakai. and cell viability and DPPH radical scavenging activities of its extract. Korean J Nutr 43:105–113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishag KHM, Dennett MD (1998) Use of the expolinear growth model to analyze the growth of faba bean, peas and lentils at three densities: Fitting the model. Ann Bot 82:497–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn BA, Cooksey JR, Motes JE (1997) Within-row spacing effects on traits of importance to mechanical harvest in paprika-type peppers. Sci Hortic 69:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MJ, Kim JS, Jeong DM, Ham SS, Yu CY (2002) Effect of antioxidant, antimutagenicity and anticancer of root extract from Ixeris dentata Nakai. Korean J Med Crop Sci 10:222–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Kultur F, Harrison HC, Staub JE (2001) Spacing and genotype affect fruit sugar concentration, yield, and fruit size of muskmelon. HortScience 36:274–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee E (2011) Effects of Ixeris dentata ext. on lowering lipid and anti-oxidation. Korean J Plant Res 24:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Goudriaan J, Challa H (2003) Using the expolinear growth equation for modeling crop growth in year-round cut chrysanthemum. Ann Bot 92:697–708

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leskovar DI, Stein LA, Dainello FJ (2000) Planting systems influence growth dynamics and quality of fresh market spinach. HortScience 35:1238–1240

    Google Scholar 

  • Locascio SJ, Stall WM (1994) Bell pepper yield as influenced by plant spacing and row arrangement. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 119:899–902

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcelis LFM, Heuvelink E, Goudriaan J (1998) Modelling biomass production and yield of horticultural crops: A review. Sci Hortic 74:83–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard ET, Scott WD (1998) Plant spacing affects yield of ‘Superstar’ muskmelon. HortScience 33:52–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Motsenbocker CE (1996) In-row plant spacing affects growth and yield of pepperoncini pepper. HortScience 31:198–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos AP, Pararajasingham S (1997) The influence of plant spacing on light interception and use in greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): A review. Sci Hortic 69:1–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin L, Guo S, Ai W, Tang Y (2008) Selection of candidate salad vegetables for controlled ecological life support system. Adv Space Res 41:768–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiners S, Riggs DIM (1999) Plant population affects yield and fruit size of pumpkin. HortScience 34:1076–1078

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders DC, Cure JD, Schultheis JR (1999) Yield response of watermelon to plant density, planting pattern, and polyethylene mulch. HortScience 34:1221–1223

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultheis JR, Walters SA, Adams DE, Esters EA (1999) In-row plant spacing and date of harvest of ‘Beauregard’ sweet potato affect yield and return on investment. HortScience 34:1229–1233

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Young-Yeol Cho.

Additional information

These authors contributed equally to this work

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cha, MK., Jeon, Y.A., Son, J.E. et al. Development of planting-density growth harvest (PGH) charts for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and sowthistle (Ixeris dentata Nakai) grown hydroponically in closed-type plant production systems. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 57, 213–218 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-016-0008-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-016-0008-x

Additional key words

Navigation