Abstract
The potential of finely ground dried powder of different parts (leaves, succulent shoot and stem) of the desert medicinal plant, Withania coagulans, (L) Dunal to control bacterial wilt (BW) of tomato was explored using four different doses (0 g, 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g Kg−1 soil) and three different (0 days before transplanting DBT, or 10 DBT and 20 DBT) application timings. Both, in-vitro and in-vivo experiments were conducted. In in-vitro studies, each of the three concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20% w/v) of aqueous extracts of leaves, succulent shoot and stems inhibited the growth of the BW pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. The aqueous extract (20% w/v) of dried powder of leaves produced the maximum zones of inhibition (ZI) (20.8 mm) followed by that of succulent shoot (19.2 mm) and stem (16 mm) while the minimum ZI (11.2 mm,) was produced by the aqueous extracts of (5% w/v) stem powder. Consistent with the in-vitro results, the effect of the ground powders of the medicinal plant was found to be dose- and plant-part-dependent in in-vivo studies as well. Dried powder of leaves performed better than those of succulent shoot and stems. Leaves powder used at 30 g kg−1 soil under in-vivo conditions, reduced area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 37.54%, pathogen population g−1 of the infested soil by 45.04%, enhanced shoot length by 37.45%, root length by 63.36%, and plant fresh biomass by 38.62% as compared to untreated inoculated control plants. Dried powder of succulent shoot (tender shoots plus leaves) used at 30 g/kg soil, ranked second in terms of controlling bacterial wilt. It reduced AUDPC by 32.33%, pathogen population g−1of soil by 32.66%, augmented shoot and root lengths by 35%, and 62.39%, respectively and plant fresh biomass by 38.41% as compared to control plants. Lower doses of dried powders of all parts of the medicinal plant gave inferior results. Similarly, the application time of 20 DBT was found to be better than 10 DBT and 0 DBT. It achieved a reduction of 32.91% in AUDPC, and an augmentation of 41.32%, 54.42%, 54.53% in shoot length, root length and plant fresh biomass, respectively in comparison to untreated inoculated plants. Therefore, it is concluded that dried powder of leaves or succulent shoots of W. coagulans applied at the rate of 30 g kg−1 soil, 20 DBT, can be included as an effective component of integrated disease management (IDM) against BW.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Monaaim MF, Abo-Elyousr KAM, Morsy KM (2011) Effectiveness of plant extracts on suppression of damping-off and wilt diseases of lupine (Lupinustermis forsik). Crop Prot 30:185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.09.016
Abo-Elyousr KAM, Asran MR (2009) Antibacterial activity of certain plant extracts against bacterial wilt of tomato. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 42(6):573–578
Abo-Elyousr KAM, Seleim MAA, Abd-El-Moneem KMH, Saead FA (2014) Integrated effect of Glomus mosseae and selected plant oils on control of tomato bacterial wilt. Crop Prot 66:67–71
Aliyu S, Bala M (2011) Brewer’s spent grain: a review of its potentials and applications. Afr J Biotec 10(3):324–331. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBx10.006
Amsellem L, Brouat C, Duron O, Porter SS, Facon B (2017) Networks of invasion: empirical evidence and case studies. Adv Ecol Res 57:99–146.https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.005
Anith KN, Momol MT, Kloepper JW, Marois JJ, Olson SM, Jones JB (2004) Efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and soil amendment for integrated management of bacterial wilt on tomato. Plant Dis 88:669–673 https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.6.669
Anonymous (2016) Around the world: Tomatoes (WWW.Eurofresh-distribution.com/news/around-world-tomatoes)
Arthy JR, Akiew EB, Kirkegaard JA, Trevorrow PR (2005) Using Brassica spp. as bio-fumigants to reduce the population of Ralstonia solanacearum. In: Allen C, Prior P, Haward AC (eds) Bacterial wilt disease and Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. APS, St. Paul, Minnesota
Aslam MN, Mukhtar T, Hussain MA, Raheel M (2017) Assessment of resistance to bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato germplasm. J Plant Dis Prot 124(6):585–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-0100-1
Atta-ur-Rahman, Abbas S, Dur-e-Shawar, Jamal SA, Choudhary MI (1993) New withanolides from Withania spp. J Nat Prod 56(7):1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50097a003
Balestra GM, Heydari A, Ceccarelli D, Ovidi E, Quattrucci A (2009) Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on tomato bacterial pathogens. Crop Prot 28:807–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.06.004
Barad R, Soni P, Upadhyay S, Upadhyay U (2013) Withania coagulans and Psidium guajava – an overview. Int Res J Pharm Appl Sci 3:42–47 www.irjpas.com/File_Folder/IRJPAS%203(3)42-47.pdf
Brady NC, Weil RR (1999) The nature and properties of soils, 12th edn. Prentice hall publishers, London 1-9, 453-536, 727, 739-740
Campbell CL, Madden LV (1990) Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. Wiley, NY
Din N, Ahmad M, Siddique M, Ali A, Naz I, Ullah N, Ahmad F (2016) Phytobiocidal management of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (smith) Yabuuchi. Span J Agric Res 14(3):e1006. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016143-9012
El-Ariqi SNS, El-Moflehi M, El-Arbara K, El-Kobati A, El-Shaari A (2005) Antibacterial activity of extracts from Withania somnifera and Aloe vera aginst Ralstonia solanacearum in potato. Arab J Plant Protect 23:95–99
Fegan M, Prior P (2005) How complex is the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (pp. 449-461). APS press
Flores-Moctezuma HE, Montes-Belmont R, Jimenez-Perez A, Nava-Jarez R (2006) Pathogenic diversity of Sclerotium rolfsii isolates from Maxico, and potential control of southern blight through solarisation and organic ammendments. Crop Prot 25(3):195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.04.007
Floyd J (2007) New pest response guidelines: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. USDAAPHIS-PPQ, emergency domestic programs, 45 pp. Riverdale, MD, Online, www.usdapest
Frey FM, Meyers R (2010) Antibacterial activity of traditional medicinal plants used by Haudenosaunee peoples of New York state. BMC Complement Altern Med 10:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-64
Gaind KN, Budhiraja RD (1967) Antibacterial and anthelmintic activity of Withania coagulans Dunal. Indian J Pharm 29:185–186
Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Wiley, NY
Goszczynska T, Serfontein JJ, Serfontein S (2000) Media and diagnostic tests, Introduction to Practical Phytobacteriology, Bacterial Diseases Unit, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 60–73
Gottlieb OR, Borin MR, Brito NR (2002) Integration of ethnobotany and phytochemistry: dream or reality? Phytochem 60(2):145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00088-2
Gruter D, Schmid B, Brandl H (2006) Influence of plant diversity and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on below ground bacterial diversity. BMC Microbiol 6:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-6-68
Gupta GL, Rana AC (2007) Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): a review. Pharmacogn Rev 1:129–136
Gupta AP, Verma RK, Misra HO, Gupta MM (1996) Quantitative determination of withaferin a in different plant parts of Withania somnifera by TLC densitometry. J Med Aromat Plant Sci 18:788–790
Hassan MAE, Bereika MFF, Abo-Elnaga HIG, Sallam MA (2009) Direct antimicrobial activity and induction of systemic resistance in potato plants against bacterial wilt disease by plant extracts. Plant Pathol J 25:352–360. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.2009.25.4.352
Hayward AC, L-Nashaar HME, Nydegger U, De Lindo L (1990) Variation in nitrate metabolism in biovars of Pseudomonas solanacearum. J Appl Bacteriol 69:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01518.x
Hemalatha S, Kumar R, Kumar M (2008) Withania coagulans Dunal. A review. Pharmacogn Rev 2(4):351–358
Hepper FN (1991) Old World Withania (Solanaceae): a taxonomic review and key to the species. In: Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Estrada N (eds) Solanaceae III: taxonomy, chemistry, Evolution. RBG Kew, Richmond, pp 211–227
Iacobellis NS, Lo Cantore P, Capasso F, Senatore F (2005) Antibacterial activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 53(1):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0487351
Ji P, Momol MT, Olson SM, Pradhanang PM, Jone JB (2005) Evolution of thymol as biofunmigant for control of bacterial wilt of tomato under field conditions. Plant Dis 89:497–500. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0497
Ji P, Momol MT, Rich JR, Olson SM, Jones JB (2007) Development of an integrated approach for managing bacterial wilt and root-knot nematodes on tomato under field conditions. Plant Dis 91:1321–1326. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-10-1321
Johri S, Jamwal U, Rasool S, Kumar A, Verma V, Qazi GN (2005) Purification and characterization of peroxidases from Withania somnifera (AGB 002) and their ability to oxidize IAA. Plant Sci 169(6):1014–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.015
Kagale S, Marimuthu T, Thayumanavan B, Nandakumar R, Samiyappan R (2004) Antimicrobial activity and induction of systemic resistance in rice by leaf extract of Datura metel against Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryza. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 65(2):91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.11.008
Kapoor LD (2017) Handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants: herbal reference library. Routledge, New York. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351443241
Kumar B, Tiwari P, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H (2011) Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Int Pharm Sci 1(1):98–106
Lin PL, Ford CB, Coleman MT, Myers AJ, Gawande R, Ioerger T, Sacchettini J, Fortune SM, Flynn JL (2014) Sterilization of granulomas is common in active and latent tuberculosis despite within-host variability in bacterial killing. Nat Med 20(1):75–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3412
Lo Cantore P, Iacobellis NS, De Marco A, Capasso F, Senatore F (2004) Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. vulgare (miller) essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 52(26):7862–7866. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0493122
Madden LV, Hughes G, van den Bosch F (2007) The study of plant disease epidemics. APS press, Minnesota
Mahlo SM, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN (2010) Antifungal activity of leaf extracts from south African trees against plant pathogens. Crop Prot 29(12):1529–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.08.015
Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazon J (2009) Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules 14:2373–2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14072373
Mitra J, Paul PK (2017) A potent biocide formulation inducing SAR in plants. J Plant Dis Prot 124:163–175
Naz I, Saifullah P-RJE, Khan SM, Ali S, Ahmad M, Ali A, Khan A (2015a) Control of southern root-knot nematode Meloidegyne incognita (Kofoid and white) Chitwood on tomato using green manure of Fumaria parviflora lam (Fumariaceae). Crop Prot 67:581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.10.005
Naz I, Saifullah P-RJE, Block V, Khan SM, Ali S, Baig A (2015b) Sustainable management of the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and white) Chitwood, by means of amendments of Fumaria parviflora. Int J Agric Biol 17:289–296
Nguyen MT, Ranaukhaarachchi SL (2010) Soil-borne antagonists for biological control of bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato and pepper. J Plant Pathol 92:395–405 http://www.jstor.org/stable/41998815
Nur-e-Alam M, Yousaf M, Qureshi S, Baig I, Nasim S, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI (2003) A novel dimeric podophyllotoxin-type lignan and a new withanolide from Withania coagulans. Helv Chim Acta 86(3):607–614. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200390060
Oguwike FN, Onubueze DPM, Ughachukwu P (2013) Evaluation of activities of marigold extract on wound healing of albino wister rat. IOSR J Dental Med Sci 8:67–70. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-0856770
Owais M, Sharad KS, Shehbaz A, Saleemuddin M (2005) Antibacterial efficacy of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) an indigenous medicinal plant against experimental murine salmonellosis. Phytomed 12:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.07.012
Pietrarelli L, Balestra GM, Varvaro L (2006) Effects of simulated rain on Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato populations on tomato plants. J Plant Pathol 88(3):245–251 http://www.jstor.org/stable/41998328
Schonfeld J, Gelsomino A, Van Overbreek LS, Gorissen A, Smalla K, Van Elsas JD (2003) Effects of compost addition ad stimulated solarization on the fate pf Ralstonia solanacearum biovar indigenous bacteria in soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 43(1):63–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01046.x
Sharma JR, Cheema GS, Saini SS, Gill BS (2010) Soft rot disease of Aloe barbadensis and its management. J Res Punjab Agric Uni 47:18–19
Shidfar F, Froghifar N, Vafa M, Rajab A, Hosseini S, Shidfar S, Gohari M (2011) The effects of tomato consumption on serum glucose, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, homocysteine and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr 62:289–294. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2010.529072
Shukla K, Dikhit P, Tyagi MK, Shukla R, Gambir JK (2012) A meliorative effect of Withania coagulans on dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in nicitinamide- streptozotocin induced diaberes mellitus. Food Chem Toxicol 50(10):3595–3599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.026
Subaraju GV (2006) Ashwagandhanolide, a bioactive dimeric thiowithanolide isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera. J Nat Prod 69(12):1790–1792. https://doi.org/10.1021/np060147p
Van Elsas JD, Kastelein P, van Bekkum P, van der Wolf JM, de Vries PM, van Overbeek LS (2000) Survival of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2, the causative agent of potato brown rot, in field and microcosm soils in temperate climates. Phytopathology 90(12):1358–1366. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.12.1358
Wai KPP, Lee J, Mo H, Kim B (2013) Sources of resistance to bacterial wilt and restorer-of- fertility genotype for cytoplasmic male sterility in Capsicum pepper. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 54(3):266–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-013-0006-1
Walters DR, Newton AC, Lyon GD (2005) Induced resistance: helping plants to help themselves. Biologist 52:28–33
Wang JF, Lin CH (2005) Integrated management of tomato bacterial wilt. AVRDC-The world vegetable center, Taiwan
Whipps JM, Gerhardson B (2007) Biological pesticides for control of seed- and soil-borne plant pathogens. In: Van Elsas JD, Jansson JD, Trevors JT (eds) Modern soil microbiology edition, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 479–501
Xu YM, Gao S, Bunting DP, Gunatilaka AAL (2011) Unusual withanolides from aeroponically grown Withania somnifera. Phytochem 72(6):518–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.12.020
Yuliatin T, Sivasthamparan KD, Turner D (2007) Saprophytic and pathogenic behavior of R. solani AG2-1 (ZG-5) in a soil water content. Plant Soil 294:277–289
Zanon MJ, Font MI, Jorda C (2011) Use of tomato crop residues into soil for control of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Crop Prot 30(9):1138–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.03.025
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Sundas Saleem for helping in the collection of plant material.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Najeeb, S., Ahmad, M., Khan, R.A.A. et al. Management of bacterial wilt in tomato using dried powder of Withania coagulan (L) Dunal. Australasian Plant Pathol. 48, 183–192 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-019-0618-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-019-0618-8