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Archeological bone injuries by lithic backed projectiles: new evidence on bear hunting from the Late Epigravettian site of Cornafessa rock shelter (Italy)

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Abstract

Despite the widespread application of high-resolution quantitative methods in bone taphonomy, very few studies have focused on projectile impact marks. Therefore, in a previous work, we explored the potential of 3D microscopy in distinguishing bone hunting injuries from other taphonomic marks, developing a widely applicable diagnostic framework based on experimental data and focused on Late Epigravettian projectiles. This paper aims to continue that research by applying 3D morphometrical analysis to zooarcheological bone surfaces, in order to verify the validity and feasibility of this method and evaluate the reliability of the experimental record. Here, we present the detailed analysis of a projectile impact mark, found on a rib of Ursus arctos from the Late Epigravettian site of Cornafessa rock shelter. The injury, located on the rib’s external surface, consists of a drag with several flint fragments embedded. X-ray μCT volume rendering and SEM imaging allowed us to analyze bone microstructure and drag’s qualitative features, while 3D measurements, processed through statistic, confirmed the interpretation of this mark as a hunting injury. The drag’s morphometric features are consistent with the experimental ones, connecting this mark to Late Epigravettian composite projectiles and declaring this evidence as the first direct proof of a bear hunted by using bow and arrow.

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Acknowledgements

The fieldwork in Cornafessa rock shelter has been supported by MUSE-Science Museum of Trento; the authors are grateful to M. Lanzinger, director of MUSE, for endorsing this research project. The authors also thank the Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali della Provincia Autonoma di Trento for granting permission to excavation activities; F. Cavulli, D.E. Angelucci (University of Trento) and S. Neri (MUSE) for collaborating in excavation and research activities; N. Angeli and P. Ferretti (MUSE) for the assistance in SEM and EDX analysis; and P. Cocco (MUSE) for the support in language editing. Finally, our thanks are also due to the two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and helpful suggestions.

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  1. Rossella Duches and Nicola Nannini contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, IT 38123, Trento, Italy

    Rossella Duches, Nicola Nannini, Alex Fontana & Giampaolo Dalmeri

  2. Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’ Este 32, IT 44121, Ferrara, Italy

    Nicola Nannini

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, UR Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, IT 53100, Siena, Italy

    Francesco Boschin & Jacopo Crezzini

  4. Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184, Rome, Italy

    Federico Bernardini & Claudio Tuniz

  5. Multidisciplinary Laboratory, The “Abdus Salam” International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy

    Federico Bernardini & Claudio Tuniz

  6. Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Claudio Tuniz

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Contributions

R.D. and N.N. designed research; R.D. and G.D. supervised archeological excavations; N.N., A.F., and R.D. performed zooarcheological and taphonomical analysis; F.Bo. and J.C. carried out 3D documentation and analysis; and F.Be. and C.T. carried out μCT analysis; all the authors wrote and edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rossella Duches.

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Duches, R., Nannini, N., Fontana, A. et al. Archeological bone injuries by lithic backed projectiles: new evidence on bear hunting from the Late Epigravettian site of Cornafessa rock shelter (Italy). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 2249–2270 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0674-y

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