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Development of Action Thresholds for Management of Bactericera cockerelli and Zebra Chip Disease in Potatoes at Pukekohe, New Zealand

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Abstract

Bactericera cockerelli (tomato potato psyllid, TPP) is a serious pest of potato crops, causing feeding damage and also vectoring Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, the causal agent of the Zebra Chip (ZC) disease in potatoes. The results of 6 years of early and main crop potato trials at Pukekohe, New Zealand, are summarised and damage caused by TPP is reported. Results show that spring-sown (early) potato crops do not require insecticides. In main crop summer trials we tested action thresholds based on 10 and 20 TPP nymphs per 100 middle leaves but the incidence of ZC damage was commercially unacceptable, ranging from 4 to 9 %. Subsequently we tested an action threshold of >3 TPP adults per yellow sticky trap per week that led to ZC damage ranging from 0.9 to 1.6 %. We also compared monitoring of TPP using sticky trap catches with a degree day model started in mid winter (1 July) for forecasting generation times of TPP. On the basis of the field trial results, we recommend that from early summer onwards, the timing of the first foliar application of insecticide needs to be applied early enough to protect main crop potatoes from the first generation of TPP that occurs after potato tubers have emerged (at Pukekohe, this is the third TPP generation from 1 July when using degree day modelling). Three years of main crop trials indicate that an action threshold of >3 TPP per trap per week provides effective TPP/ZC management in the Pukekohe region when used in conjunction with natural enemies and an insecticide programme that features the use of selective insecticides.

Resumen

Bactericera cockerelli, (el psílido del tomate y de la papa, TPP), es una plaga seria en los cultivos de papa, causando daño al alimentarse y también como vector de Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, el agente causal de la enfermedad de la Zebra Chip (ZC) de papa. Se resumen los resultados de seis años de ensayos en cultivos tempranos y de principales fechas de siembra de papa en Pukekohe, Nueva Zelandia, y se reporta el daño causado por TPP. Los resultados muestran que los cultivos de fechas tempranas de siembra en primavera no requieren de insecticidas. En los ensayos de las fechas principales del verano probamos niveles críticos de acción basados en 10 y 20 ninfas de TPP por 100 hojas intermedias, pero la incidencia del daño por ZC fue inaceptable comercialmente, variando de 4 al 9 %. Subsecuentemente, probamos el límite crítico de acción de > 3 adultos de TPP por trampa adherente amarilla por semana que condujera a niveles de daño con variación de 0.9 a 1.6 %. También comparamos el monitoreo de TPP utilizando trampas de captura adhesivas con un modelo de un grado por día empezando a la mitad del invierno (1° de julio) para predecir los tiempos de generación de TPP. Con base a los resultados de los ensayos de campo, recomendamos que, a partir del principio del verano en adelante, el tiempo para la primera aplicación foliar de insecticida necesita hacerse lo suficientemente temprano para proteger al cultivo de papa de la fecha principal, de la primera generación de TPP que se presenta después de la emergencia de los brotes (en Pukekohe esta es la tercera generación de TPP desde el 1° de julio cuando se usa el modelo de grado día). Tres años de ensayos en las fechas principales de siembra indican que una acción de límite crítico de >3 TPP por trampa por semana proporciona manejo efectivo de TPP/ZC en la región de Pukekohe cuando se usa junto con enemigos naturales y un programa de insecticidas que resalte el uso de insecticidas selectos.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dominic Hartnett, Ngaire Larsen and Helen Fergusson for considerable contributions to this research, Moe Jeram for support in crop management at Pukekohe, and other technicians and wage workers for help in crop sampling and record keeping. We also thank Libby Burgess and Melanie Davidson for useful comments on a draft manuscript. Funding for this project was provided by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (previously Ministry of Science and Innovation) Contract number no. C06X0811, Plant & Food Research Core funding, Potatoes NZ and MPI Sustainable Farming Fund Contract no. 09/143.

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Walker, G.P., MacDonald, F.H., Wright, P.J. et al. Development of Action Thresholds for Management of Bactericera cockerelli and Zebra Chip Disease in Potatoes at Pukekohe, New Zealand. Am. J. Potato Res. 92, 266–275 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-014-9427-3

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