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Current and Potential Biofuel Production from Plant Oils

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Abstract

Environmental concerns and depletion of fossil fuels along with government policies have led to the search for alternative fuels from various renewable and sustainable feedstocks. This review provides a critical overview of the chemical composition of common commercial plant oils, i.e., palm oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, WCO, and CTO and their recent trends toward potential biofuel production. Plant oils with a high energy content are primarily composed of triglycerides (generally > 95%), accompanied by diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids. The heat content of plant oils is close to 90% for diesel fuels. The oxygen content is the most important difference in chemical composition between fossil oils and plant oils. Triglycerides can even be used directly in diesel engines. However, their high viscosity, low volatility, and poor cold flow properties can lead to engine problems. These problems require that plant oils need to be upgraded if they are to be used as a fuel in conventional diesel engines. Biodiesel, biooil, and renewable diesel are the three major biofuels obtained from plant oils. The main constraint associated with the production of biodiesel is the cost and sustainability of the feedstock. The renewable diesel obtained from crude tall oil is more sustainable than biofuels obtained from other feedstocks. The fuel properties of renewable diesel are similar to those of fossil fuels with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In this review, the chemical composition of common commercial plant oils, i.e., palm oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, and tall oil, are presented. Both their major and minor components are discussed. Their compositions and fuel properties are compared to both fossil fuels and biofuels.

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Abbreviations

ai:

Anteiso

B5:

5% biodiesel blend

B100:

100% biodiesel

BTG:

Biomass to gas

BTL:

Biomass to liquid

CTO:

Crude tall oil

CTOS:

Crude tall oil soap

C12:0 :

Lauric acid

C14:0 :

Myristic acid

C16:0 :

Palmitic acid

C18:0 :

Stearic acid

C18:1 :

Oleic acid

C18:2 :

Linoleic acid

C18:3 :

Linolenic acid

C22:1 :

Erucic acid

DG:

Diglyceride

D2:

No. 2 diesel fuel

FA:

Fatty acid

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

FFA:

Free fatty acid

HHV:

Higher heating value

HVO:

Hydrotreated vegetable oil

L:

Linoleic acid

LLO:

Linoleic-linoleic-oleic acid

Ln:

Linolenic acid

LnLO:

Linolenic-linoleic-oleic acid

LnOO:

Linolenic-oleic-oleic acid

LOO:

Linoleic-oleic-oleic acid

LOP:

Linoleic-oleic-palmitic acid

MG:

Monoglyceride

O:

Oleic acid

OO:

Oleic-oleic acid

OOO:

Oleic-oleic-oleic acid

P:

Palmitic acid

PLO:

Palmitic-linoleic-oleic acid

PLP:

Palmitic-linoleic-palmitic acid

PO:

Palmitic-oleic acid

POL:

Palmitic-oleic-linoleic acid

POO:

Palmitic-oleic-oleic acid

POP:

Palmitic-oleic-palmitic acid

PP:

Palmitic-palmitic acid

PPP:

Palmitic-palmitic-palmitic acid

RA:

Resin acid

sn :

Substituent

TG:

Triglyceride

TOFA:

Tall oil fatty acid

TRL:

Technology readiness level

WCO:

Waste cooking oil

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Acknowledgements

The Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation in Finland is gratefully acknowledged for the financial support.

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  1. Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Teknologiakatu 7, FI-67100, Kokkola, Finland

    Hanna Brännström

  2. Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland

    Hemanathan Kumar & Raimo Alén

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Brännström, H., Kumar, H. & Alén, R. Current and Potential Biofuel Production from Plant Oils. Bioenerg. Res. 11, 592–613 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9923-2

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