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Imaging Functional and Structural Brain Connectomics in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopment disorders in childhood. Clinically, the core symptoms of this disorder include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Previous studies have documented that these behavior deficits in ADHD children are associated with not only regional brain abnormalities but also changes in functional and structural connectivity among regions. In the past several years, our understanding of how ADHD affects the brain’s connectivity has been greatly advanced by mapping topological alterations of large-scale brain networks (i.e., connectomes) using noninvasive neurophysiological and neuroimaging techniques (e.g., electroencephalograph, functional MRI, and diffusion MRI) in combination with graph theoretical approaches. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of functional and structural brain connectomics in ADHD, focusing on graphic analysis of large-scale brain systems. Convergent evidence suggests that children with ADHD had abnormal small-world properties in both functional and structural brain networks characterized by higher local clustering and lower global integrity, suggesting a disorder-related shift of network topology toward regular configurations. Moreover, ADHD children showed the redistribution of regional nodes and connectivity involving the default-mode, attention, and sensorimotor systems. Importantly, these ADHD-associated alterations significantly correlated with behavior disturbances (e.g., inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms) and exhibited differential patterns between clinical subtypes. Together, these connectome-based studies highlight brain network dysfunction in ADHD, thus opening up a new window into our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder. These works might also have important implications on the development of imaging-based biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation in ADHD.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Yanchao Bi for the insightful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by the 973 Program (Grant nos. 2013CB837300 and 2014CB846102), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant no. 81225012), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 81030028 and 31221003), the BNU-MRI Demonstration Unit (CERS-1-52), and the Beijing Funding for Training Talents (YH).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Miao Cao, Ni Shu & Yong He

  2. Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Miao Cao, Ni Shu & Yong He

  3. Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China

    Qingjiu Cao & Yufeng Wang

  4. Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100191, China

    Qingjiu Cao & Yufeng Wang

  5. Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China

    Qingjiu Cao & Yufeng Wang

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  1. Miao Cao
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  2. Ni Shu
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  3. Qingjiu Cao
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  4. Yufeng Wang
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  5. Yong He
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Correspondence to Yong He.

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Cao, M., Shu, N., Cao, Q. et al. Imaging Functional and Structural Brain Connectomics in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 50, 1111–1123 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8685-x

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